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| − | {{Featured article}} | + | {{Short description|Coup attempt in Creeperopolis in 2003}} |
| − | {{Short description|Coup d'état in Creeperopolis in 2003.}} | + | {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} |
| | + | {{redirect|Creeperian coup|other coups d'état in Creeperopolis|List of coups d'état in Creeperopolis}} |
| | {{Infobox military conflict | | {{Infobox military conflict |
| − | | conflict = 2003 Creeperian coup d'état | + | | conflict = 2003 Creeperian coup attempt |
| − | | width =
| |
| | | partof = the [[Creeperian Conflicts]] | | | partof = the [[Creeperian Conflicts]] |
| | | image = File:Leaders of the 2003 Creeperian coup d'état.png | | | image = File:Leaders of the 2003 Creeperian coup d'état.png |
| | | image_size = 400px | | | image_size = 400px |
| − | | alt =
| + | | caption = The [[Romerist Military Junta]], formed after the coup |
| − | | caption = The [[Romerist Military Junta|military leaders]] of the coup. | + | | date = {{start date and age|2003|06|18|df=y}} |
| − | | date = 18 June 2003 | + | | place = [[San Salvador, San Salvador|San Salvador]], [[Creeperopolis]] |
| − | | place = [[Alfonsisto|Creeperopolis]] | + | | result = Coup attempt failed |
| − | | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | + | | combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Creeperopolis|Creeperian government]] |
| − | | map_type = | + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis|military}} [[Creeperian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] |
| − | | map_relief =
| + | | combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} Alfonso supporters |
| − | | map_size =
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis|military}} [[Creeperian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] (rebels) |
| − | | map_marksize =
| + | | commander1 = {{plainlist| |
| − | | map_caption =
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Romero III of Creeperopolis|Romero III]]{{KIA}} |
| − | | map_label =
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Alexander II of Creeperopolis|Alexander, Prince of Usqulúmen]] |
| − | | territory =
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Augusto Cabañeras Gutiérrez]] |
| − | | action = Armed forces put the country under brief military control.
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Edmundo González Robles]] |
| − | | result = Armed forces victory
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Arturo Merino Núñez]] |
| − | *[[Alfonsisto]] overthrown
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Gerardo Barrios Dueñas]] |
| − | *Death of [[Alfonso VI of Creeperopolis|Alfonso VI]]
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Venancio López Requena]] |
| − | *Establishment of the [[Romerist Military Junta]]
| + | }} |
| − | | status = | + | | commander2 = {{plainlist| |
| − | | combatants_header =
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Alfonso VI of Creeperopolis|Alfonso, Prince of La'Victoria]]{{KIA}} |
| − | | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Alfonsisto|Creeperian Government]] | + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Armando Figueroa Molina]]{{KIA}} |
| − | | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Creeperian Armed Forces]]<br />'''Supported by:'''<br />{{flag|Quebecshire}} (alleged)
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Rubén Franco Alcabú]]{{executed}} |
| − | | combatant3 = | + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Carlos Menem Menem]]{{executed}} |
| − | | commander1 = {{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Alfonso VI of Creeperopolis|Alfonso VI]] †<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Armando Figueroa Molina]] †<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Rubén Franco Alcabú]] {{executed}}<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Carlos Menem Menem]] {{executed}}<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[José Costa Araujo]] {{executed}}<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Roberto Morales Obregón]] {{executed}}
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[José Costa Araujo]]{{executed}} |
| − | | commander2 = {{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Alexander II of Creeperopolis|Alexander II]]{{efn|name="Alexander II and the coup"|[[Alexander II of Creeperopolis|Alexander II]] had little involvement in the actual planning or execution of the coup d'état, but he was used as a figurehead of the [[Romerist Military Junta]] following the coup d'état and was declared as a vital asset in the success of the coup d'état.}}<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Augusto Cabañeras Gutiérrez]]<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Edmundo González Robles]]<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Arturo Merino Núñez]]<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Gerardo Barrios Dueñas]]<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Martín Gutiérrez Sánchez]]<br />{{flagicon|Creeperopolis}} [[Venancio López Requena]]
| + | * {{flagdeco|Creeperopolis}} [[Roberto Morales Obregón]]{{executed}} |
| − | | commander3 = | + | }} |
| − | | units1 = {{flagicon|Creeperopolis|marines}} [[Creeperian Imperial Guard]]
| + | | strength1 = |
| − | *[[1st Creeperian Royal Detachment|1st Royal Detachment]] | + | | strength2 = |
| − | | units2 = {{flagicon|Creeperopolis|army}} [[Creeperian Army]]
| + | | casualties1 = |
| − | *[[File:18th SS Division Logo.svg|20px|link=1st Creeperian Army]] [[1st Creeperian Army|1st Army]] | + | | casualties2 = |
| − | {{flagicon|Creeperopolis|naval}} [[Creeperian Navy]] | + | | casualties3 = [[List of people killed by and disappeared by the Creeperian government during the 2003–2004 Creeperian Purges|Thousands killed or missing in subsequent purges]] |
| − | *[[16th Creeperian Flotilla|16th Flotilla]] | + | | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Creeperian Conflicts}} |
| − | {{flagicon|Creeperopolis|air force}} [[Creeperian Air Force]] | |
| − | *[[18th Creeperian Air Force Wing|18th Air Force Wing]] | |
| − | | units3 =
| |
| − | | strength1 = 650 soldiers | |
| − | | strength2 = 102,180 soldiers<!--100,000 for the 1st Army; 2,080 for the 16th Flotilla [1 heavy cruiser, 2 light cruisers, 2 submarines, 3 destroyers], 100 for the 18th Air Force Wing [50 aircraft]--> | |
| − | | strength3 =
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| − | | casualties1 = 459 dead<br />66 executed<br />125 imprisoned | |
| − | | casualties2 = 138 dead | |
| − | | casualties3 = 597 military dead, 44 civilians dead, [[List of people killed by and disappeared by the Creeperian government during the 2003–2004 Creeperian Purges|thousands missing]] | |
| − | | notes =
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| − | | campaignbox = | |
| | }} | | }} |
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| − | The '''2003 Creeperian coup d'état''' ([[Creeperian Spanish]]: ''Golpe de Estado Creeperiano de 2003''), also sometimes referred to as '''The Coup''' (Creeperian Spanish: ''El Golpe''), '''The Restoration''' (Creeperian Spanish: ''La'Restoración''), or '''18-J''', was a military coup d'état in [[Creeperopolis]] that deposed the [[Alfonsisto|totalitarian government]]. On 18 June 2003, after four years of totalitarian rule, overt government corruption, political unrest, severe [[Hyperinflation in Creeperopolis|hyperinflation]], and surging crime rates, the [[Creeperian Armed Forces]], lead by Chief Field Marshal [[Augusto Cabañeras Gutiérrez]], Chief Admiral [[Edmundo González Robles]], and Chief General [[Arturo Merino Núñez]], seized power in a coup d'état. and established a [[Romerist Military Junta|short-lived transitionary military junta]]. | + | The '''2003 Creeperian coup attempt''', known in [[Creeperopolis]] as '''18–J''' ([[Creeperian language|Creeperian]]: 18–Ջ), was a failed coup attempt which sought to install [[Alfonso, Prince of La'Victoria]], the second son of Emperor [[Romero III of Creeperopolis|Romero III]], as the emperor of Creeperopolis. During the coup, Romero III was killed by rebel forces loyal to Alfonso, but Alfonso himself was also killed and military forces loyal to Romero III asserted control over the country and established the [[Romerist Military Junta]]. The junta proclaimed [[Alexander II of Creeperopolis|Alexander, Prince of Usqulúmen]] as the country's emperor. |
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| − | [[Alfonso VI of Creeperopolis|Alfonso VI]] was proclaimed as Emperor in 1999 following the death of [[Romero III of Creeperopolis|Romero III]]. During his reign, the [[Economy of Creeperopolis|Creeperian economy]] suffered [[Hyperinflation in Creeperopolis|severe hyperinflation]], two unpopular treaties were signed with [[Mara Salvatrucha]] and the [[Militarist Front for National Liberation]], and the government was clouded by several scandals, most notably [[Marapolitics]].
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| − | During the coup, the [[Creeperian Army|army]], [[Creeperian Navy|navy]], and [[Creeperian Air Force|air force]] attacked the [[Council of Mayors of Creeperopolis|Council of Mayors]] building in [[San Salvador (city)|San Salvador]] during a meeting of Alfonso VI with his [[Ministers of Creeperopolis|government ministers]] and high ranking loyalist mayors. Many were killed or later executed. The [[San Salvador Imperial Palace]] and other important government buildings were secured by the armed forces with little to no resistance from [[Creeperian Imperial Guard|imperial guardsmen]]. The military declared [[Martial Law in Creeperopolis (2003–2004)|martial law]] in the wake of the coup and a 10pm curfew was initiated across the country.
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| − | The armed forces established a [[Romerist Military Junta|military junta]] and initiated [[List of people killed by and disappeared by the Creeperian government during the 2003–2004 Creeperian Purges|large-scale purges]] of political and military officials. Cabañeras Gutiérrez gained significant power following the coup and is considered to be one of the most powerful people in Creeperopolis. The military proclaimed Alfonso VI's second and oldest surviving son, [[Alexander II of Creeperopolis|Alexander II]], as the new Emperor, but the military held absolute authority and control until he was coronated on 15 September 2003 and the junta was officially dissolved. The military, however, continues to hold significant power and influence in Creeperian politics and national governance.
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| − | The coup marked a watershed moment in Creeperian history and began the true modernization of the nation and the [[Miracle of Creeperopolis|resurgence of its economy]]. The coup has been proclaimed by [[Propaganda in Creeperopolis|Creeperian propaganda]] as an event which saved the nation from its impending demise.
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| − | == Background ==
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| − | === Political situation ===
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| − | {{History of Creeperopolis}}
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| − | {{see|Alfonsisto}}
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| − | Following the conclusion of the [[Creeperian Civil War]] in 1949, the victorious [[Catholic Imperial Restoration Council]] under Emperor [[Romero II of Creeperopolis|Romero II]] established the [[Council of Mayors of Creeperopolis|Council of Mayors]], the legislative body of the country that replaced the [[Second Parliament of Creeperopolis|Parliament]]. The Imperial Council also established the [[Creeperian National Military Tribunal]], the judiciary body of the country that replaced the [[High Court of Creeperopolis|High Court]]. Executive power in the country shifted from the abolished office of [[Prime Minister of Creeperopolis|Prime Minister]] to the [[List of Creeperian Monarchs|imperial throne]], while office of Prime Minister was transitioned to the office of [[Chief Mayor of Creeperopolis|Chief Mayor]]. The [[Ministers of Creeperopolis|nine ministries]] of the country remained in place, and most were dominated by the military until they were gradually given over to Initiative administration.
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| − | The [[Creeperian Initiative|Nationalist Creeperian Catholic Royal Initiative and the Pro-Fatherland Front of Unification]], commonly known as the Creeperian Initiative or simply the Initiative, was established as the sole legal political party as a merger of right-wing political parties in [[Creeperopolis]] and its newly annexed territories of [[Atlántida (Kingdom)|Atlántida]] and [[Castilliano (Kingdom)|Castilliano]]. The Initiative held all 6,123 seats on the Council of Mayors, and it functioned effectively as a body that merely approved the actions of the Emperor, almost always voting unanimously in favor of bills.
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| − | On 16 October 1999, Emperor [[Romero III of Creeperopolis|Romero III]] died without an heir, similar to his older brother, [[Adolfo V of Creeperopolis|Adolfo V]], who also died heirless. Romero III was succeeded by his younger brother, [[Alfonso VI of Creeperopolis|Alfonso VI]]. Upon the ascension of a new Emperor, it was customary to appoint a new Chief Mayor to replace the then incumbent Chief Mayor of the previous Emperor. Alfonso VI did appoint a new Chief Mayor, replacing [[Martín Gutiérrez Sánchez]] with [[Rubén Franco Alcabú]], a supporter of Alfonso VI. He also replaced the then incumbent government ministers with his own supporters, something never done previously. Most consequentially, he replaced the [[Minister of Internal Affairs of Creepeorpolis|Minister of Internal Affairs]], Field Marshal [[Fortunato Galtieri Castelli]], with [[Carlos Menem Menem]], the first civilian to hold the position since [[Miguel Hidalgo Jímenez]] in 1933. Menem Menem was an Alfonso loyalist, while Galtieri Castelli was a military hardliner and had no blind support for the Emperor. Galtieri Castelli was forced into retirement, and the move was not well received by the military.
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| − | Since 15 October 1979, Creeperopolis had been waging a war against [[Mara Salvatrucha]], the country's largest and most powerful gang and criminal organization that practically functioned as a paramilitary, in the [[Mara War]]. Ministers of Internal Affairs Galtieri Castelli and [[Agustín Lanusse Melendez]], both active Field Marshals during the terms, held a hardline anti-Mara stance and had a policy of no tolerance against Mara Salvatrucha. On 1 January 2000, Alfonso VI and Menem Menem signed a historic ceasefire with [[Alexander Ramírez Umaña]], the leader of Mara Salvatrucha, and both agreed to cease hostilities between each other. The Creeperian government agreed to no longer arrest gang members or execute any gang member they held in custody in exchange for Mara Salvatrucha ceasing all operations, but the gang continued its activities. Murders, rapes, robberies, and other crimes committed by Mara Salvatrucha went ignored, as the [[Minister of Law Enforcement of Creeperopolis|Minister of Law Enforcement]], [[Roberto Morales Obregón]], supported Alfonso VI and turned a blind eye to the crimes being committed. [[Minister of Defense of Creeperopolis|Minister of Defense]] [[Emmanuel Cabañeras Videla]] held serious objections to the ceasefire, but Alfonso VI and Menem Menem had been slowly draining his power and influence over the armed forces. The ceasefire was extremely unpopular with the citizens and the military, but they were powerless to do anything about it. [[Romero Guerrero González]], a prominent voice in the Council of Mayors against the ceasefire, disappeared on 19 December 2000 and has never been found.
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| − | The situation grew worse, as in 2003, it was discovered that many prominent government officials and corporate administrators were involved in the operations of Mara Salvatrucha in order to increase their personal fortunes. The scandal was coined as [[Marapolitics]], but news and information about the scandal was censored and suppressed by the Creeperian government.
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| − | === Military situation ===
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| − | The [[Creeperian Armed Forces]] has been hardline supports of the Mara War, as were the three major branches of the armed forces: the [[Creeperian Army|Army]], [[Creeperian Navy|Navy]], and [[Creeperian Air Force|Air Force]]. The Minister of Defense, Cabañeras Videla, was opposed to the ceasefire signed in 2000, but he was able to do little about it, as Menem Menem and Alfonso VI had managed to convince the armed forces to accept the ceasefire, but they were reluctant to do so, fearing purges. Anti-Alfonso sentiments began to build within the armed force branches except for the [[Creeperian Imperial Guard|Imperial Guard]] which was mostly loyal to Alfonso VI as it served as his personal bodyguard, especially the [[1st Creeperian Royal Detachment|1st Royal Detachment]].
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| − | On 17 May 2000, Alfonso VI signed a second historic ceasefire, this time with the left-wing [[Militarist Front for National Liberation]] (FMLN) fighting for the independence of the departments that made up the former Kingdom of Castilliano, [[1949 Castillianan Annexation Referendum|annexed in 1949]]. The parties signed the [[Treaty of Adolfosburg (2000)|Treaty of Adolfosburg]] which stipulated that the [[Castillianan National Council of Reorganization]] (CNRC) and the [[Union of Castillianan Opposition Forces]] (XFOC) would gain de facto control over all of the Castillianan departments. The FMLN was made into the legal military wing of the Castillianan National Council of Reorganization and [[Schafik Handal López]] was installed as its President. The Castillianan National Council of Reorganization agreed to remain a part of Creeperopolis for five more years, when the Castillianan departments would have a free and fair referendum on wether Castilliano should gain independence, remain a part of Creeperopolis, or remain a part of Creeperopolis but with greater autonomy. All Creeperian forces withdrew from the Castillianan departments entirely on 3 August 2000. The treaty was met by outrage, especially by [[Creeperian Nationalism|nationalists]] that believed Alfonso VI had given away half of Creeperopolis. [[Gustavo Duarte Carpio]], the leader of the ultranationalist far-right [[Militarist Nationalist Front]] death squad, declared that Alfonso VI was a traitor to the nation and called for open rebellion against his regime.
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| − | === Economic recession ===
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| − | Beginning in 1999, the [[Economy of Creeperopolis|Creeperian economy]] had began a period of [[Hyperinflation in Creeperopolis|severe hyperinflation]]. The hyperinflation was caused by several decisions made by [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]], the [[Minister of the Treasury of Creeperopolis|Minister of the Treasury]]. Morales Bermúdez had placed heavy taxes on several corporations, causing them to increase prices on their products so that they would be able to pay their taxes and still make profits, which increase taxes, leading to higher prices, which spiraled into uncontrollable hyperinflation. The hyperinflation grew truly severe in 2002 when inflation rates reached 89,719,571 percent, a significant increase from the previous year which witnesses inflation of 445,185 percent. Several economists called for the cancelation of the new taxes and possibly replacing the [[Creeperian Dollar]], but the regime ignored the economists' advice.
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| − | In 2000, Menem Menem revoked the official language status of [[Quebecshirite Language|Quebecshirite]] in [[Puerto Francisco]], a city in [[Salvador (department)|Salvador]] with a majority [[Quebecshirites|Quebecshirite]] population. Many were unable to read [[Creeperian Spanish]], and as a result, many were unable to file tax paperwork as it was only in Creeperian Spanish. Initially, the regime did not care about the Quebecshirites being unable to file their taxes, but when economy began to suffer, the [[Creeperian National Police]] began arrests of many Quebecshirites who were charged with tax evasion. The actions of the government were unpopular with the government of [[Quebecshire]] which implemented sanctions against the Creeperian government, which only worsened the economic situation.
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| − | == Planning the coup ==
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| − | == Casualties ==
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| − | {{Condor Initiative}}
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| − | == Alfonso VI's death ==
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| − | == Aftermath ==
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| − | === Military rule and transition ===
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| − | Following the coup d'état, the military established the the [[Romerist Military Junta]], a military junta that weilded absolute power and authority in Creeperopolis. The military junta composed of Cabañeras Gutiérrez, González Robles, Merino Núñez, Barrios Dueñas, with Cabañeras Gutiérrez serving as the President of the junta.
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| − | {{quote|[Cabañeras Gutiérrez (Army):] The Armed Forces have acted today solely under patriotic and nationalist inspiration of saving the Fatherland from the tremendous chaos and anarchy into which He was being plunged into by the [[Miguelism|Miguelist]] regime of Alfonso VI.{{efn|name="Miguelist regime"|[[Augusto Cabañeras Gutiérrez]] called the regime of Alfonso VI as "[[Miguelism|Miguelist]]," a far-left ideology that is a form of communism formed by the [[National Council for Peace and Order]] during the [[Creeperian Civil War]] of 1933 to 1949. The ideology was formed by individuals such as [[Miguel VII of Creeperopolis|Miguel VII]], [[Cayetano Handel Carpio]], [[Joel Lacasa Campos]], and [[Mariano Alcocer Fraga]]. The government of Alfonso VI was by no means in any form Miguelist except for the fact that it was very totalitarian. The government of Alfonso VI fits more with the [[Romerism|Romerist]] ideology the military junta claimed to abide by, but much more totalitarian. He likely used the term Miguelist in order to demonize his government, damage his government's credibility, and eliminate any remaining support for Alfonso VI.}} The Romerist Military Junta will maintain executive, legislative, and judicial authority while it is in power. The Council of Mayors will remain in recess until further notice, and we officially proclaim Alexander Romero Adolfo Martínez Hernández as Emperor, to be coronated on 15 September 2003 in accordance with the Fatherland's tradition, when this junta will dissolve and hand over power to the rightful Emperor and Council and Tribune.
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| − | [González Robles (Navy):] It is unfortunate that we have had to break the imperial and God-sanctioned tradition of succession and governance which in the Fatherland has lasted since the establishment of the Fatherland by [[Felipe I of Creeperopolis|Felipe I]], however, when the Fatherland loses His qualities and His foothold, there are those, who by mandate, have to enforce them and support Him and take on that task. The Armed Forces have done that today, and with God's divine approval, we are sure that all of Creeperopolis has to understand the sacrifice that entails.
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| − | [Merino Núñez (Air Force):] This is not a matter of squashing tendencies, or ideological trends, or carrying out personal revenge,
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| − | but, as the Romerist Military Junta has stated, of re-establishing public order and returning the Fatherland to observance of not only the national Constitution and laws, but also of the divine laws of God presented through the Prophets and through the Savior, [[Yeshua|Jesús Cristo]].
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| − | [Barrios Dueñas (Imperial Guard]:] After four years of suffering the Miguelist cancer which led us to economic, moral, and social disaster which can no longer be tolerated for the sacred interests of the Fatherland, we find ourselves obliged to take on the difficult and painful mission which the Armed Forces have undertaken. We are not afraid; we know the enormous responsibility that will rest on our shoulders, but we are convinced, and we are quite sure that the vast majority of the Creeperian people are with us. They are willing to fight against Miguelism! They are willing to stand with God and stamp it out down to the final consequences!|[[Romerist Military Junta]], 18 June 2003}}
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| − | The military established [[Martial Law in Creeperopolis (2003–2004)|martial law]] and a 10pm curfew across the entire country.
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| − | === Political ramifications ===
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| − | ==== Purges ====
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| − | == Reactions ==
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| − | === Domestic reactions ===
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| − | === International reactions ===
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| − | == Legacy ==
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| − | == In popular culture ==
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| − | == Commemoration ==
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | {{portal|Creeperopolis|Creeperopolis Terraconserva}}
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| − | *[[1976 Creeperian coup d'état attempt]]
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| − | *[[2020 Creeperian coup d'état attempt]]
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| − | == Notes ==
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| − | {{notelist}}
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{reflist}}
| + | == External links == |
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| − | == Bibliography ==
| + | {{2003 Creeperian coup d'état category}} |
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| − | *{{cite book|last1=Pareja Palau|first1=Orlando|author-link1=Orlando Pareja Palau|date=2009|title=Guerra Civil|trans-title=Civil War|url=https://lcnwiki.xyz/index.php?title=Guerra_Civil_(book)|series=Historia de Creeperopólis|language=[[Creeperian Spanish]]|volume=3|edition=2|location=[[San Salvador (city)|San Salvador]], [[Creeperopolis]]|publisher=[[Impresión Creeperiano]]|pages=666–693|doi=10.1017/S0022216X00001425|isbn=9780742537415|jstor=156558}} | + | * [https://nsindex.net/wiki/2003_Creeperian_Coup_D%27état 2003 Creeperian coup d'état (NSIndex; 22 September 2019)] |
| − | *{{cite book|last1=Pareja Palau|first1=Orlando|author-link1=Orlando Pareja Palau|date=2013|title=El Autogolpe de 2003|trans-title=Coup d'État of 2003|url=https://lcnwiki.xyz/index.php?title=El_Autogolpe_de_2003|series=Historia de Creeperopólis|language=[[Creeperian Spanish]]|volume=2|edition=2|location=[[San Salvador (city)|San Salvador]], [[Creeperopolis]]|publisher=[[Impresión Creeperiano]]|pages=1–554|doi=10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006|isbn=978-1-56584-936-5|jstor=4491811}} | + | * [https://iiwiki.us/wiki/2003_Creeperian_Coup_d%27État 2003 Creeperian coup d'état (IIWiki; 2 March 2020)] |
| | | | |
| | {{2003 Creeperian coup d'état}} | | {{2003 Creeperian coup d'état}} |
| | + | {{Creeperian coups}} |
| | {{Coup d'état}} | | {{Coup d'état}} |
| | {{Creeperian Conflicts}} | | {{Creeperian Conflicts}} |
| Line 165: |
Line 63: |
| | [[Category:Creeperian Conflicts]] | | [[Category:Creeperian Conflicts]] |
| | [[Category:Battles]] | | [[Category:Battles]] |
| | + | [[Category:2003 Creeperian coup d'état| ]] |
| | + | [[Category:Augusto Cabañeras Gutiérrez]] |
| | + | [[Category:Alexander II of Creeperopolis]] |
