Rubicon War
The Rubicon War (Creeperian Spanish: Guerra del Rubicón; Salisfordian: Guerra del Rubicone) was a major war in Sur which occurred in two phases between 1961 and 1976. The war was fought between Creeperopolis and Salisford over a territorial dispute along the Rubicon River, which marked the border between the two nations.
Contents
Background
Conflicts between Castilliano and Salisford
Rubicon Incident
In 1936, Salisford moved troops across the border with Castilliano and into Sant Pau (present-day San Pablo), citing historical claims to the northern territories of the region. Castilliano would reject these claims, and moved troops to intercept the Salisfordian soldiers. Both sides clashed and the fighting developed into a 3-week long intense border conflict. Before any side made a breakthrough, the Catholic Imperial Restoration Council (Imperial Council), concerned about the possibility of further escalation between the two nations, stepped in and helped negotiate an end to the fighting.
To convince the dissatisfied Salisfordian administration to agree to end the conflict, Adolfo Cabañeras Moreno, the minister of defense of the Imperial Council, secretly negotiated a deal with the Salisfordians to partition Castilliano sometime in the near future, promising Salisford the northern half of the country. In return, the Salisfordians agreed to send an expeditionary force to assist the Imperial Council in breaking the stalemate which has developed in the Creeperian Civil War.
Annexation of Castilliano
Following the conclusion of the civil war in 1949, Castilliano held a referendum on 1 December 1949 to decide if it should be annexed by Creeperopolis or not. The referendum resulted in favor of annexation by a large margin, but many called into question the legitimacy and the legality of the votes and the referendum itself. Despite the brewing controversy, the ruling party of Castilliano, the right-wing Castillianan Coalition of Autonomous Rights (CCDA), which heavily campaigned in favor of the referendum, accepted the results of the vote and Creeperopolis formally annexed Castilliano on 25 December 1949.
Despite the previous agreement to cede Castillianan land to Salisford, Creeperopolis refused to cede any land to Salisford after Castilliano's annexation. Alfonso Cabañeras Moreno, who had succeeded his older his brother as minister of defense in 1944, stated that he was under obligation to fulfill the agreement as the agreement was made by his older brother and not himself. He also stated that the annexation referendum was for Castilliano in its entirety, and that the land promised to Salisford was included in that referendum regardless.
Social unrest in Castilliano
After Creeperopolis' annexation of Castilliano, various left-wing groups formed the Union of Castillianan Opposition Forces (UFOC), formed as the successor of the left-wing Coalition of the United Social Left (CESU) which was banned by the Castillianan military government in 1937. The Union of Castillianan Opposition Forces, otherwise known as simply the Opposition, was led by Abél Uriéra e Chicote, Joaquín Córsega e Rubiéra, and Eusebio Lancóme e Moléu, all of whom had previously served as the leader of the Coalition of the United Social Left, with Uriéra e Chicote and Córsega e Rubiéra also serving as prime ministers of Castilliano.
The Opposition heavily criticized Efraïne Carból e Fórtrosa-Dóna's decision to allow annexation into Creeperopolis and denounced him and the Castillianan Coalition of Autonomous Rights, declaring them "Traitors to the Fatherland." Carból e Fórtrosa-Dóna was appointed as captain general of the department of Castilliano by the Creeperian government and cracked down on the Opposition's activities, arresting its leaders and protestors. As the Opposition refused to recognize the annexation of Creeperopolis and opposed Carból e Fórtrosa-Dóna's administration, the organization was declared as a terrorist organization by the Creeperian government.
In the 1950s, the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA) carried out operations which assassinated each of the three leaders of the Coalition of the United Social Left, presumably at the request of Carból e Fórtrosa-Dóna. Uriéra e Chicote was shot by a group of armed DINA agents in San Pablo in March 1952. In June 1958, Córsega e Rubiéra was killed by a car bomb planted by the DINA in Santa María. Finally, Lancóme e Moléu was killed by a DINA sniper in Ciudad Los'Ángeles. The assassinations of the Opposition's three leaders caused many of its other prominent leaders to flee the country or go into hiding.
In 1960, Guilhém Garçon e Justament was proclaimed as the leader of the Opposition. He called for Castillianans across the country to rise up in protest against the Creeperian government for the independence of Castilliano. The protests of early-1961 occurred across the Castillianan departments of Castilliano, San Pablo, Santa María, and Sonsonate, with an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 people marching in protest of Creeperian rule. The government responded with military force to suppress the protests leading to hundreds of deaths and thousands of arrests.
Rise of Sandro Neri in Salisford
Prelude
Order of battle
Creeperopolis
- Creeperian Army
- 32nd Army – General Raimundo Serrano Suñer[note 1]
- 91st Infantry Division – Lieutenant General Gustau Riviéra e Cabriéra
- 67th Infantry Battalion – Brigadier Romulo Enríquez Revelo
- 74th Infantry Battalion – Brigadier Alexandre Léon e Pérre
- 75th Infantry Battalion – Brigadier Fabián León Flores
- 80th Infantry Battalion – Brigadier Maximiliér Alvaréu e Alvaréu
- 81st Infantry Battalion – Brigadier Sergio Zorro Juárez
- 16th Engineer Company – Lieutenant Colonel Enrique Hidalgo Fuentes
- 36th Mechanized Division – Lieutenant General Armando Pacheco Jalisco
- 16th Mechanized Battalion – Brigadier Cristól Escócia e Piéira
- 17th Mechanized Battalion – Brigadier Félix Casanova Bermúdez
- 23rd Mechanized Battalion – Brigadier Xavier Montt Salinas
- 28th Mechanized Battalion – Brigadier Juan Duarte Linares
- 30th Mechanized Battalion – Brigadier Pablo Córdoba Galván
- 17th Engineer Company – Lieutenant Colonel Norberto Ureña Iñez
- 22nd Armored Division – Lieutenant General José Fuentes Castro
- 8th Armored Battalion – Brigadier José Nuñez Payés
- 16th Armored Battalion – Brigadier Marcéu Guerriér e Rosér
- 22nd Armored Battalion – Brigadier Carles Carriéra e Flors
- 24th Armored Battalion – Brigadier Vicente Fernández Jalisco
- 30th Armored Battalion – Brigadier Héctor Rodríguez Molina
- 30th Artillery Division – Lieutenant General Léonard Ramiéra e Umana
- 34th Artillery Battalion – Brigadier Jórdi Cadiérs e Guilhém
- 35th Artillery Battalion – Brigadier Alfonso Dávalos Herrador
- 43rd Artillery Battalion – Brigadier Danielér Serán e Lóbi
- 45th Artillery Battalion – Brigadier Gonzalo Sánchez Obregón
- 91st Infantry Division – Lieutenant General Gustau Riviéra e Cabriéra
- 32nd Army – General Raimundo Serrano Suñer[note 1]
- Creeperian Air Force
- 18th Air Force Wing – General Fidel Salinas Quijada
- 22nd Air Force Division – Lieutenant General Osiel López Pérez
- 32nd Air Force Division – Lieutenant General Roberto Quijada Ureña
- 18th Air Force Wing – General Fidel Salinas Quijada
Salisford
- Royal Salisfordian Army
- 3rd Brigade – Lieutenant General Antiamo Marchetti
- 147th Paratroopers Regiment – Colonel Giacomo Conte
- 42nd Infantry Regiment – Brigadier General Omar Bianchi
- 17th Savari Battalion – Colonel Marthese Benedetti
- 21st Ascari Battalion – Colonel Gaetano Falzon
- 37th Ascari Battalion – Colonel Antonino Saliba
- 41st Ascari Battalion – Colonel Arturo Zerafa
- 132 Engineer Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Furio Sala
- 103rd Artillery Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Tristano Ferretti
- 75th Infantry Regiment – Brigadier General Renzo Testa[note 2]
- 15th Hussar Battalion – Colonel Coreno Ciresi
- 22nd Infantry Battalion – Colonel Paolo Buono
- 51st Infantry Battalion – Colonel Carlo Terazzo
- 58th Infantry Battalion – Colonel Lorenzo Casella
- 107th Engineer Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Salvatore Rosi
- 111st Artillery Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Luca Pagono
- 4th Armored Regiment – Brigadier General Vincenzo Moretti
- 24th Dragoon Battalion – Colonel Matteo Neri
- 2nd Armored Battalion – Colonel Lucio Bertone
- 11th Mechanized Battalion – Colonel Edmondo Pisoni
- 18th Mechanized Battalion – Colonel Fabrizio Dito
- 109th Engineer Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Ermilo Mattei
- 145th Support Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Tito Arrese
- 2nd Fusilier Regiment – Brigadier General Ercole du Mazza
- 13th Cuirassier Battalion – Colonel Marco Storace
- 15th Fusilier Battalion – Colonel Pietro Gentile
- 25th Fusilier Battalion – Colonel Annibale Pastore
- 26th Fusilier Battalion – Colonel Massimo Lunati
- 101st Engineer Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Michele Sala
- 115th Light Artillery Battalion – Lieutenant Colonel Gennaro Montagna
- 3rd Brigade – Lieutenant General Antiamo Marchetti
- Royal Salisfordian Air Force
- 70th Attack Wing – Brigadier General Tommaso Costantini
- 70th Operations Group – Colonel Achille Palumbo
- 33rd Attack Squadron – Major Ottone Martino
- 55th Fighter Squadron – Major Stefano Caputo
- 89th Fighter Squadron – Captain Filippo Borroni
- 70th Maintenance Group – Lieutenant Colonel Beppe Bianco
- 70th Mission Support – Lieutenant Colonel Alessio Paoli
- 70th Operations Group – Colonel Achille Palumbo
- 70th Attack Wing – Brigadier General Tommaso Costantini
First phase
Low-level fighting
Second phase
Peace agreement
Aftermath
Casualties
Effect on bilateral relations
See also
Terraconserva portal |
Notes
- ↑ Upon Serrano Suñer's death, he was replaced as commander of the 32nd Army by General Venustiano Zaldívar Herrera of the 2nd Army.
- ↑ Upon Testa's death, he was replaced as commander of the 75th Infantry Regiment by Brigadier General Lazzaro Sartori of the 29th Infantry Regiment.