Pedro Gutiérrez Valdivia
Adelantado Rear Admiral Pedro Gutiérrez Valdivia | |
|---|---|
.jpg) An official portrait of Gutiérrez Valdivia (1400). | |
| 2nd Capitan General of the San Carlos Islands | |
| In office 22 April 1392 – 3 May 1412 | |
| Monarch | Miguel II (until 1405) Miguel III (from 1405) |
| Preceded by | Cristóbal Colón Cámarillo |
| Succeeded by | Gustavo Hurtado Mendoza |
| 1st Mayor of Cámarillo | |
| In office 15 September 1387 – 22 April 1392 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Adolfo Figueroa Cruz |
| Caretaker of San Nicolás | |
| In office 13 June 1384 – 13 August 1387 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Francisco Villagra Velázquez (as Mayor) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pedro Vicente Gutiérrez y Valdivia c. 1352 La'Libertad, La'Libertad Creeperopolis |
| Died | 3 May 1412 (aged 59–60) Cámarillo, San Carlos Islands, Creeperopolis |
| Cause of death | Assassination (blunt force trauma) |
| Resting place | Cámarillo, San Carlos Islands, Creeperopolis |
| Spouse(s) | Magdalena Cortéz Dominguez (m. 1379; his death 1412) |
| Children | 3 |
| Known for | Implementing widespread slavery in the San Carlos Islands |
| Military service | |
| Nickname(s) | El Esclavizador |
| Allegiance |  Creeperopolis |
| Branch/service |  Creeperian Navy |
| Years of service | 1370–1412 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Battles/wars | Esclaveta War |
Pedro Vicente Gutiérrez y Valdivia (c. 1352 – 3 May 1412) was a Creeperian military officer, administrator, and explorer who served as the captain general of the San Carlos Islands from 1392 until his assassination in 1412.
Rear Admiral Gutiérrez Valdivia accompanied Admiral Cristóbal Colón Cámarillo on his voyages to the San Carlos Islands in the 1380s, during which, he served as Caretaker of the Creeperian permanent settlement of San Nicolás. During Colón Cámarillo's Captaincy Generalship from 1387 to 1392, he served as the first Mayor of Cámarillo. He became Captain General in 1392 and inherited command of the Esclaveta War which began in 1388, where he infamously initiated the Esclaveta Genocide in which around 18,000 Native San Carlos Islanders were murdered by his soldiers, around 41 percent of Esclaveta's total Native population.
His Captaincy Generalship was characterized by atrocities and cruelty against the Native population of the islands. He implemented the widespread use of slavery in the San Carlos Islands. Although Colón Cámarillo also ordered the use of slavery, it was only against Natives on Esclaveta who had attacked his men previously in 1385. Instead, Gutiérrez Valdivia ordered the enslavement of the entire population of Esclaveta, and eventually, would expand slavery to the other viceroyalties of the islands. Effectively all Esclavetans were forced into slave labor or forced repopulation to give birth to more future slaves. Punishments varying from torture to death for simple misdeeds were commonplace. Estimates have placed the total Native death toll during Gutiérrez Valdivia's Captaincy Generalship at anywhere from 55,000 to 100,000. Gutiérrez Valdivia was assassinated by one of his Native slaves in Cámarillo which subsequently head to a revolt in Esclaveta.
His legacy has drastically changed overtime. Following his death, he was revered as a hero and a martyr by Creeperans of the San Carlos Islands, even having the island of Isla de Gutiérrez and the city of Ciudad Gutiérrez Valdivia being named after him on the orders of his successor, Gustavo Hurtado Mendoza, in 1413. In the late 1400s and the early 1500s, however, his legacy began to sour, as the new military regime, known as "The Liberation," began to denounce the atrocities of the previous regime, known as "The Enslavement," including those committed by Gutiérrez Valdivia. In 1568, Captain General Antonio Mendoza Pacheco officially denounced Gutiérrez Valdivia, and in 1692, Captain General Juan Palafox Mendoza formally apologized for the atrocities committed under Gutiérrez Valdivia. Gutiérrez Valdivia has subsequently been one of the most despised figures of San Carlos Islander history, being despised by most Creeperans and by practically all Natives of the San Carlos Islands.
His maternal surname, Valdivia, is the origin of the word Creeperian word valdivo, meaning "a cruel person" or "an evil person," and has since become a sort of insult or slander against people, especially politicians.
Contents
Early life
Pedro Vicente Gutiérrez y Valdivia was born around 1352 in La'Libertad, La'Libertad Creeperopolis. His father was Pedro Alfonso Gutiérrez y Sandoval and his mother was Guadalupe María Valdivia y Yagüe de Gutiérrez. Little is known about Gutiérrez Valdivia's life before his military career as no records of his early life are known to exist.
The Gutiérrez Valdivia Diaries were a series of diaries which were forged in the 1980s which allegedly belonged to Gutiérrez Valdivia which described his early life. The diaries were proven to be forged in 1991, but many of the stories which were purportedly written by Gutiérrez Valdivia remain prevalent myths. The forgeries, however, reignited interest into discovering more about Gutiérrez Valdivia, which has turned up little to no new information about his pre-military life, which is so uncertain, that his date of birth is a mystery. His year of birth, 1352, is an educated guess, assuming that he joined the military at age 18, which was custom at the time.
Pre-voyage military career
Gutiérrez Valdivia joined the Creeperian Navy in 1370. He served as a navigator under Vice Admiral Cristóbal Colón Cámarillo, indicating that navigation may have been a personal hobby that Gutiérrez Valdivia pursued during his pre-military life. Despite being in the Navy, Gutiérrez Valdivia saw little to no actual military action as Creeperopolis fought no naval wars during his early service. Sometime between 1370 and 1381, he managed to rise high in rank and attain the rank of Rear Admiral by 18 April 1381.
Voyages of Colón Cámarillo
In 1381, Creeperian Navy petitioned the King, Adolfo I, to authorize the voyage with plans to potentially settle islands to the east, known to the Creeperans by records from Quebecshirite Captain Félix Vernier, and conquer new lands. Adolfo I approved the petition, as he wanted to conquer land like his father, Miguel I, and the Navy selected three ships to conduct the journey: the Rey Alfonso I, the Rey Felipe I, and the Rey Axayacatl I. Then Admiral Colón Cámarillo was selected by the King to lead the expedition, and in tern, Gutiérrez Valdivia accompanied him. The ships left the port of Salvador on 18 April 1381 and headed east across the Southern Ocean.
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On 12 October 1381, Colón Cámarillo and Gutiérrez Valdivia landed on the largest island in the north of the archipelago which he called La'Isla Gran del Admiral, later known as simply Admiral, the island's current name. The Creeperans met with some Natives of the island and they were introduced to their village. The two exchanged gifts; the Creeperans gifted the Natives hammocks and crosses while the Natives gifted the Creeperans beads, candles, whale bone tools, and gold. After a few days, the Creeperans departed, believing that the island was rich in gold. As the ships departed, Colón Cámarillo named the islands Los'Islas Imperiales de San Carlos el Mártir de Creeperópolis, translated as The Imperial Islands of San Carlos the Martyr of Creeperopolis.
The Creeperans then headed south and explored more of the islands of the archipelago, naming all of the ones they came across. They landed on the island of Orala and established their own settlement called of San Nicolás. The Creeperans worked with the Natives there and were able to live off of food provided by the Natives. Creeperian Catholic priests taught the Natives Creeperian in order to better communicate with the Natives and many were even converted to Catholicism. The Creeperans traveled north along the eastern coast of the archipelago. The Creeperans then returned to Creeperopolis and arrived to Salvador on 18 March 1382. Colón Cámarillo showed Adolfo I the gold they were gifted and he immediately began preparations for a second voyage to begin finding good locations to make permanent settlements.
On 17 November 1383, Colón Cámarillo and Gutiérrez Valdivia commanded the same three ships and traveled to the San Carlos Islands with the mission of finding locations that would be perfect to establishing permanent settlements. The Creeperans carried coffee with them this time as gifts for the Natives and as bribes so that they would be willing to live under Creeperian rule. Colón Cámarillo and his fleet landed on the island just south of Admiral on 15 March 1834. They established a temporary settlement and continued to San Nicolás a week later. They arrived on 26 March 1834 and reunited themselves with the Natives still living there. Colón Cámarillo established a permanent settlement at San Nicolás. They stayed there for two months, improving relations with the natives, trading goods, and building up the settlement. Of the 1,200 men on the journey, 400 stayed behind to maintain the settlement and continue relations with the Natives. Colón Cámarillo placed Gutiérrez Valdivia in charge of San Nicolás and the Creeperans departed on 13 June 1384.
Caretaker of San Nicolás and Mayor of Cámarillo
During his caretakership of San Nicolás, Gutiérrez Valdivia grew a disliking to the Natives believing that they were plotting to evict them from the lands, which was not true. Despite his dislikings, he did not want to anger Colón Cámarillo when he returned, and he remained cordial with the Natives with the promise of further promotions to come.
On 1 June 1387, Miguel II proclaimed the establishment of the Captaincy General of the San Carlos Islands to govern the San Carlos Islands in representation of the monarchy. He proclaimed Colón Cámarillo as the Capitan General of the Captaincy General and he began his final voyage to the San Carlos Islands. He would never see Creeperopolis again. The same three ships were taken, but six additional ships were also carrying hundreds of Creeperian families to settle the islands. Around 4,500 Creeperian men, women, and children were aboard the nine ships.
Colón Cámarillo's fleet arrived at the northernmost tip of Admiral and continued south until they reached San Nicolás. There, 1,000 of the settlers departed and permanently settled in San Nicolás. Colón Cámarillo replaced Gutiérrez Valdivia with Francisco Villagra Velázquez as being in charge of San Nicolás and appointed him as Mayor, the first Creeperian Mayor in the San Carlos Islands. Colón Cámarillo and Gutiérrez Valdivia took seven of the nine ships to Cámarillo where 3,500 more settlers permenently stayed. Colón Cámarillo appointed Gutiérrez Valdivia as Mayor of Cámarillo and made it the capital city of the Captaincy General on 15 September 1387. The name of the city was also officially changed to Cámarillo.
Colón Cámarillo and Gutiérrez Valdivia expanded the city of Cámarillo, growing it from a small village to a proper city, the largest on the island. Creeperian settlers and Natives coexisted in the city and actively traded with each other. Colón Cámarillo even appointed several Natives to administrative jobs in Cámarillo and across the archipelago, however, his kindness to the Natives was not approved by Gutiérrez Valdivia. In 1392, the Creeperian Catholic Church permitted interracial marriages between Creeperans and Natives, producing the first children of a mixed race on the island, which Gutiérrez Valdivia strongly objected to.
Captaincy Generalship
Colón Cámarillo died on 22 April 1392 and was succeeded as Captain General by Gutiérrez Valdivia. Although Colón Cámarillo officially retired from military life when he assumed command as Captain General, Gutiérrez Valdivia remained on active military duty and continued to command soldiers in battle.
Under Gutiérrez Valdivia, all Natives were expelled from administrative positions, undoing the work of Colón Cámarillo. A caste system, known as the Casta, was also introduced as a form of segregation and established a racial hierarchy. The period has become known as "The Enslavement" and is considered the worst period of Creeperian rule in the San Carlos Islands.
During Colón Cámarillo's second voyage, while Gutiérrez Valdivia was in San Nicolás, Colón Cámarillo and his crew landed on the island of Esclaveta. During their time there, they settled near a Native settlement of 200 people. On 4 October 1385, a fight erupted between the Creeperans and the Natives. The reason for the fight is unknown, but it is speculated to have been over the Creeperian settlement or the Creeperian use of the land while they were settled there. During the fight, eight people were killed, with four deaths on both sides. Around thirty others were injured in the fight. The Natives demanded that the Creeperans never return to the island, and the Creeperans left for Salvador the next day.
Colón Cámarillo did not forget about the fight when he returned to the San Carlos Islands to serve as its Captain General. On 4 October 1388, exactly three years after the fight, he ordered the enslavement of all adult male the Natives on the island where the fight occurred. In the declaration, he established the viceroyalty of Esclaveta, meaning "Land of Slavery." He strictly forbade enslavement of women, children, and the elderly. He stated that he wanted to "punish those who hurt us, not those who have done nothing to us."
In November 1388, he commanded a fleet of four ships with 800 men to subjugate the island and enslave the people. The fleet landed on 14 December 1388, roughly near where the fight occurred three years earlier. They found the Natives that had attacked them and moved to capture them. The Natives fought back, but the Creeperans managed to capture most of the Natives, with the remainder fleeing or being killed. Any women, children, and elderly captered were released. The event began the Esclaveta War which lasted until 1401 where the Creeperans launched attacks against the Natives to subjugate them into slavery and the Natives launched attacks on the Creeperans to maintain their freedom. The struggle was in vain, however, and most of the Native population was enslaved, with the remainder somehow fleeing north to other islands or dying during the struggle for freedom.
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When Colón Cámarillo was Captain General, bloodshed was not very common, with light skirmishes and scarce engagements being the norm. When Gutiérrez Valdivia became Captain General, however, violence and battles became commonplace, with many massacres being committed by Creeperian soldiers against Native warriors and even Native women and children and elderly who were noncombatants, against the wishes of Colón Cámarillo. The massacres committed under Gutiérrez Valdivia from 1392 until the war's end in 1401 are known as the Esclaveta Genocide, where around 18,000 Natives were killed out of a total population of around 44,000 people, approximately 41 percent of the total population of Esclaveta.
During Gutiérrez Valdivia's tenure as Captain General, the Natives of Esclaveta were forced to work on plantations, in mines, and at construction sites across the Captaincy General. Men and teenage boys were the ones sent to the mines and construction sites, while women, girls, the elderly, and younger boys were sent to plantations, ignoring what Colón Cámarillo had strictly stated. Around 30 percent of the population remained on Esclaveta to repopulate and continue "producing fresh slaves" for the Captaincy General.
There were specific punishments handed down to slaves for committing certain acts. Escaping, attempting an escape, murder, attempted murder, and rape were punished by death. Refusing to work, robbery/theft, and other miscellaneous crimes were punished by torture. Methods of torture included whipping, flogging, and burning.
In 1402, Gutiérrez Valdivia ordered the construction of two Creeperian Catholic missions on the archipelago: the San Carlos Mission in Cámarillo and the San Nicolás Mission in San Nicolás. Both missions were completed and consecrated by the Church in 1411. Both missions were constructed by Native slaves overseen by Creeperian supervisors.
Personal life
Gutiérrez Valdivia was the eldest of seven children. His younger siblings were Alfonso Pedro Gutiérrez y Valdivia, Fátima María Gutiérrez y Valdivia, María Consuela Gutiérrez y Valdivia, Óscar Alfonso Gutiérrez y Valdivia, Miguel Alfonso Gutiérrez y Valdivia, and Rosa María Gutiérrez y Valdivia. He was raised as a Creeperian Catholic and continued to follow the religion throughout his life.
He married Magdalena Rubí Cortéz y Domínguez on 18 June 1379 and they had three children together: Pedro Cristóbal Gutiérrez y Cortéz, Magdalena María Gutiérrez y Cortéz, and Fátima Isabela Gutiérrez y Cortéz.
Assassination
Gutiérrez Valdivia was assassinated on 3 May 1412 by several of his Native slaves outside the San Carlos Mission in Cámarillo. He was stabbed and beat to death by several of his slaves who sought to end his reign of terror. Gutiérrez Valdivia was succeeded by Gustavo Hurtado Mendoza, the Mayor of Cámarillo, who had the slaves publicly tortured to death in front of the San Carlos Mission. The slaves' entire families were also put to death due to their relations to the assassins. News of the assassination spread across the islands, and when it reached Esclaveta, the slaves staged an uprising against the Creeperans. The revolt was crushed by the end of the year by Hurtado Mendoza's forces. Hurtado Mendoza had two large statues of Colón Cámarillo and Gutiérrez Valdivia constructed in front of the San Carlos Mission in 1417 in their memory for what they have contributed to the islands.
Legacy
The rule of Gutiérrez Valdivia is considered the darkest period in San Carlos Islander history. In total, around 55,000 to 100,000 Natives died during his tenure from 1392 to 1412.
On 1 January 1568, Antonio Mendoza Pacheco made a statement which denounced the islands' past of slavery and war. He heavily criticized the Captaincy Generalships of Gutiérrez Valdivia, Hurtado Mendoza, Quiroga López, and Bravo Saravia, during which, slavery was rampant and warfare with the Natives of the islands was constant. Gutiérrez Valdivia's successors, Hurtado Mendoza (1412–1427), Miguel Quiroga López (1427–1463), and Melchor Bravo Saravia (1463–1477), all continued his legacy and policies of anti-Nativism and brutality. As such, the early military rule from 1392 through 1477 is commonly referred to as "The Enslavement" due to the brutality of the Captain Generals.
On 12 October 1692, Juan Palafox Mendoza formally apologized for the actions of the Captaincy General during the Captaincy Generalships of Gutiérrez Valdivia, Hurtado Mendoza, Quiroga López, and Bravo Saravia, from 1392 to 1477, denouncing the actions of slavery, torture, mass execution, genocide, warring, and other atrocities as immoral and against the Will of God. He also symbolically pardoned all Native Islanders who were sentenced to death by Gutiérrez Valdivia, Hurtado Mendoza, Quiroga López, and Bravo Saravia, legally exonerating them in the Captaincy General. His action gained him significant support amongst the Natives of the islands. He also remarked that "[Gutiérrez Valdivia's] tenure of twenty years was the worst twenty years in the history of this small archipelago in the [Southern] Ocean."
In 1810, Ramón Cisneros Jiménez ordered the construction of statues of the "greatest" Captain Generals of the San Carlos Islands. The statues which were constructed were of Colón Cámarillo, Mendoza Pacheco, Felipe Suárez Mendoza, Palafox Mendoza, and himself, effectively revoking the status giving to Gutiérrez Valdivia by Hurtado Mendoza as a "great Captain General."
Gutiérrez Valdivia has since effectively been disowned by the Creeperian government, which does not give him recognition in the construction of the two missions in the San Carlos Islands, instead, crediting Archbishop Miguel Bravara Pérez with their construction. The Creeperian government refuses to change the names of Isla de Gutiérrez and Ciudad Gutiérrez Valdivia as to not bring attention to their namesake, as changing the names would cause an increased conversation about past Creeperian atrocities on the islands.
In popular culture
Gutiérrez Valdivia's maternal surname, Valdivia, is the origin of the word Creeperian word valdivo, meaning "a cruel person" or "an evil person," and has since become a sort of insult or slander against people, especially politicians.
Orders and decorations
- Order of the Crusaders' Cross, first class (1401)
- Order of the Crusaders' Cross, second class (1385)
- Campaign Medal (1389)
Ancestry
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See also
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Cristóbal Colón Cámarillo |
Captain General of the San Carlos Islands 1392–1412 |
Succeeded by Gustavo Hurtado Mendoza |
| New title | Mayor of Cámarillo 1387–1392 |
Succeeded by Adolfo Figueroa Cruz |
| New title | Caretaker of San Nicolás 1384–1387 |
Succeeded by Francisco Villagra Velázquez (as Mayor) |
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