Difference between revisions of "Karimun"
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| + | Major ports and harbours include Johenavi, Priok, November, Giovanni, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar. Ports are managed by the various Karimun's Port Corporations, of which there are four, numbered I through IV. Each has jurisdiction over various regions of the country, with I in the north and IV in the south. Port of November in November is the Karimun's busiest port, handling over 5.20 million TEUs. A two-phase "New Tanjung November" extension project is currently underway, which will triple the existing annual capacity when fully operational in 2023. In 2015, ground breaking of the strategic Acounca's Kuala Tanjung Port has been completed. It is expected to accommodate 500,000 TEUs per year, overtaking Kosher's Kupang Port and could even compete with the port of of November. | ||
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| + | [[File:HMAS_Maryborough_arriving_at_Jakarta_in_February_2017.jpg|200px|right]] | ||
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Revision as of 12:02, 15 June 2020
Karimun Federation Federasi Karimun Jawa | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
Motto: " Bhinneka Tunggal Ika " "Unity in Diversity" | |
| Capital | Giovanni |
| Largest city | November |
| Official languages | Bahasa Karimun, Jawanese |
| Ethnic groups |
|
| Religion | |
| Demonym(s) | Karimunese |
| Government | Federal Presidential Multi-party Republic |
| Thamrin Edelweiss | |
• Vice President | Johan Apollo |
| History | |
| 50-650 AC | |
| 350-885 AC | |
| 995-1402 AC | |
| 1403-1501 AC | |
| 1494-1501 | |
| 1503-1789 | |
| 1789-1945 | |
| 1945- present | |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,412,428 sq mi (3,658,170 km2) (11th) |
• Water (%) | 1.1 |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 34.15 million (18th) |
• Density | 24.17/sq mi (9.3/km2) (10th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $ 1,666,500,000,000 USD/ ₭ 2.2 Trillion KPT (17th) |
• Per capita | $ 48,799 / ₭ 64,622 KPT (8th) |
| Gini (2020) |  23.8low |
| HDI (2020) |  0.780high |
| Currency | Karimunese Peta (KPT) |
| Time zone | AMT-7, -8 (Karimun Timezones) |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +62 |
| Internet TLD | .Kar |
Karimun, officially the Federation of Karimun or Karimun Federation (Bahasa Karimun: Federasi Karimun Jawa) is a country on the North-West part of Terraconserva landmass, It shares its land border with the Lyoa to the south, Groffenord to the north, and borders several bodies of water to the west. Karimun's capital is Giovanni, which is also its fourth largest city. Notable cities include Saint Bay, Johenavi, and Patravan. As of 2020, Karimun has a population of 34.15 million.
The sovereign state is a presidential, constitutional federation with an elected legislature. It has 20 divisions, of which 4 have a special status and 4 have a federal city status while the rest are states. Despite its fairly large population and densely populated regions, Karimun has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, coal, tin, copper, gold, and nickel, while agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices, and rubber. The official currency of Karimun is been the Karimunese Peta.
Karimun consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups, with the largest—and politically dominant—ethnic group being the Ellis. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within an atheist-majority population, and a history of peace and war against it. Karimun's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country.
Contents
Etymology
Karimun derives from the old language of Javanese Sanskrit (Kremur-kremur) meaning "escape" or "runaway". people said that the country was the place for the escapee, refugees, and dreamers to finally settled themselves. The name dates to the 17th century, far predating the formation of modern Karimun. Karimun was again popularly used by modern people in 1849 referring to the bay of Giovanni and the southern part of the peninsula. George Earl first used Karimun in his book about "Traditionalist Art: National & Unity" book.
After George Earl in the 19th century, Karimun became more common in academic circles outside the capital city, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian, of the University of Giovanni, popularized the name through his book Karimunien oder die Inseln des Karimunien peninsular, 1884–1894. The first clear pro-federation scholar to use the name was Johnathan Tarbury when in 1913 he established a press bureau in the Giovanni, Karimunich Pers-bureau.
History
Early History
Kingdom of Trengganu
Trengganu was the oldest kingdom from 50 to around 650, located on the coast of the northern part of Karimun. It was the earliest Katitahan kingdom in Northern Karimun, and together with Jatinegara are the oldest kingdoms in Karimunese history.
In 110 the kingdom was ruled by Queen Tribhuwana, notorious for her fierce law against thievery, which encouraged her people to be honest and uphold absolute truth. According to tradition, one day a foreign king placed a bag filled with gold on the intersection in Trengganuan capital city to test the famed truthful and honesty of Trengganuan people. Nobody dared to touch the bag that did not belong to them, until three years later when Tribhuwana's son, the crown prince, accidentally touched the bag with his foot. The queen issued a death sentence to her own son, but was over-ruled by a minister that appealed the queen to spare the prince's life. Since it was the prince's foot that touched the bag of gold, so it was the foot that must be punished through mutilation.
According to Carita Trengganu, a book composed in later period, Tribhuwana's great-great-grandson is Hill, who is the king of Bromo Kingdom through marriage with the crown queen, and also the founder of Jawa Kayhangan Kingdom. Today Trengganuan are now a minority in Karimun but their influences are strong in the central Karimun's part especially in culture, social, and architecture.
Kingdom of Jatinegara
Jatinegara was one of the oldest kingdom together with Bromo, Trengganu, and Jawa Kayhangan but different from other kingdoms, the founder of the Kingdom saw the potential the sea gives and he exploited making the Kingdom the first maritime-oriented kingdom in Karimun's History. Different from others like Bromo which is an agricultural kingdom due to its location in the Arthemis delta, Jawa Kayhangan which is also an agricultural kingdom due to its location near the fertile of Mount Ellis valley.
Jatinegara was located in the majority of Karimun's coast from 350 until the fall of their last king, Raden Agrigrate which is around 885 AC, their capital city is around 30 kilometers from Patravan.
Kingdom of Bromo
the Kingdom Bromo was a Katitahan Karimunese Kingdom based in West Karimun from 995 to around 1402. Despite the lack of archaeological remains, the age of Bromo saw much development in classical literature. Mpu Mariesa's Kakawin Kelapa, Mpu Pavella's Gatot Kaca, and Mpu Dar's Semarang blossomed in this era. The kingdom's capital is believed to have been established in the western part of the Arthemis river delta, somewhere near modern Artha city and surrounding Acounca state.
Kingdom of Jawa Kahyangan
the Kingdom of Jawa Kahyangan, Jawa Kahyangan means Heaven of Java in Bahasa Karimun, located the same as the current modern nation more or less, the Kingdom of Jawa Kahyangan was the last Monarch ever in the Karimun's history from July 1403 til 1 August 1501, the kingdom led by Patahrl Monarchy.
Red & White Revolution
Red & White Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in Karimun in 1596 and ending in 1597. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, catalyzed yet peaceful periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a short dictatorship under Galvin Elwan in 1603.
In January 1596, King Johan I ascended the throne from his late father, Merrick IV in the middle of a financial crisis in which the state was faced with a budget deficit and was nearing bankruptcy. This was due in part to Merrick IV's costly Mercusuar Projects. In May 1596 or 4 months after Johan I ascended the throne, finance minister Gyle was dismissed, after failing to enact reforms. The next month, Budhiman Etran, a liberal economist, was appointed as Royal Financial Advisor. He could not be made an official minister because of the critical oppositions from conservatives parliament members who were against several Etran's idea on how can the economy be improved.
Due to its chaos uncontrolled condition back then and an unefficient parliament uncapable to enact reforms the king wanted for his kingdom, King Johan I abolished the parliament, fired Etran, and took over the Kingdom's reforms with very authocratic and aggresive approach in January 1597, he also signed the Land Act 1597 reasoning it will help the current financial condition even though the result was positively good which was the kingdom's finance improved signifficantly helping the budget decifit and preventing the nation's bankruptcy, it also caused of hundreds and even thousands of hectares of commoners's land taken forcibly by the royal treasury to be sold to the elites resulting hundreds of commoner to be landless without land to harvest, some were unemployed. Wven though Johan I early opposition towards his father's Mercusuar Project, he knew that he needed the elites backing to smoothen several law he passed so he decided to continue the massive project, it was called the 2nd Mercusuar Project lasted only two years, around 55 thousands people died in the process either because of starving, drought, or etc. King Johan I with the pressure from the elites ordered the stricter control of the Trengganuan people autonomy because of their rebellion against Blue Roses, the symbol of the elites.
Some people like Hugo Agrigate II, Costantine Lee, Hendra Kusuma, and Gillian Tans began arranging mass support to topple the corrupt almost-a-century-year-old monarchy. In March 1597 Johan Patahrl signed the Security Law 1597 making it mandatory for 17yo males to join the military, the first time that the military conscription in Karimun's history was enacted. Hugo II began gaining support in November and Kamilla as he campaigned for the fall of the monarch, Constantine Lee and Hendra Kusuma cooperated together and campaign in South Karimun but the most important to historian(s) is Gillian Tans, she campaigned right at the central Karimun, she labeled the campaign to topple the goverment with "Red & White Revolution" from the flag, she risked her life and family to spread the campaign to topple the monarchy, the youths in the city were united against the Security Law making her job kinda easier, she used her smart approach to campaign more and more, after Red & White revolution gathered enough supporters which was around 4 months, the march towards the Royal Gate began, the Royal Gate was the place where the Patahrl family resided when the revolution were ongoing.
"Hundreds and even thousands people from as old as Sate building to as young as the Meulaboh tree right at the Thamrin Avenue marched towards the Royal Gate, no one brought any kind of weapon except their fists and loud voices, everyone looked excited not mad, none were mad, anger and rage aren't in Karimun's blood, only courage and the spirit of unity are in our blood, those are the things that drove us into a peaceful approach for a revolution." - Wijaya Karimun in his Karimun's Candle of Light book.
On 19 October 1597, Gillian Tan and with other men and women marched and stood straight, chins up, and stared at the Royal Gate longily, a moment silence was given as a respect towards the fallen people then a man named Hugo II yelled, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika", the nation's motto followed with yells and howls.
Eka Prawira said in his Age of Century book, "Red n White Revolution was the darkest history in Karimun but even in the darkest room, there are lights, and the brightest of them is Gillian Tans." Eka Prawira commented how she yelled towards the mob saying only facts not rumours or hoaxes and saying things that people can relate, Tan was a peaceful woman, she asked the mobs to not bring any dangerous things and prohibit underage to join the march for safety reasons, she even begged twice to the Royal Guard personally to not shoot a single arrow towards them, she meant a good intention, a peaceful one also, that's why she was the first prime minister under new constitution several years later after the fall of Etran, her motherly attitude to care to everyone was still there until she died.
On 1 December 1597, King Johan I relented towards the march's demands, some of the demands are - the most important was named the 1st Tritura - abolish the Royal Advisors, abolish the costitution, and hold elections next year to elect a Dewan Konstituante to write a new constitution. King Johan I himself announce his abdication in front of his people signifying the end of monarch.
Republic of Karimun
the Republic of Karimun was from 1597-1770, the period where Karimun is under republican ruling.
Pre
After the King Johan Patarhl abdicated, the nation was in the mid of a power vacuum, every regencies, states, and such presented respresentatives to the newly formed Dewan Konstituante some through elections and some through appointment. Dewan Konstituante worked as a council to write a constitution for the nation, some representatives like the several notable figures in the Blue and white Revolution Hugo Agrigate II, Costantine Lee, Hendra Kusuma, and Gillian Tans were in the Dewan.
Galvin Etran was in the Dewan as well, he led the eastern Karimun bloc demonstrations but he had his own intentions and had decent supports from the people and influence over some Dewan members, he began a silent coup by getting rid off possible future leader, voting Hugo II out of the dewan, prisoning Costantine Lee because of treason, and pressuring Hendra, Tans, and several other Dewan members to write another version of the constitution.
On 1 March 1598, the Dewan Konstituante finished writing the constitution and immediately became the nation's constitution without any voting at all. The constitution was named "Konstitusi Republic Maret" and the constitution also created a pave way for Etran to become the first president. Around two weeks after the constitution was official, the Aspiration Hall was created and at the day of the creation, they voted "for" for the appointment of Etran to be the first president, Etran appointed Gillian Tans to be the first prime minister and first women leader in the country marking the formation of the First Republic of Karimun on 15 March 1598.
1st Republic of Karimun
After the 1st Republic of Karimun was declared, the goverment immediately reformed themselves.
Two Seasons Civil War
2nd Republic of Karimun
Post
Birth of Federation
Old Order
National Revolution
2nd Constituante Years
New Order
Geography
Karimun Federation has a diverse geography, with the highest peak is Mount Ellis with 4,445 meters while the lowest point in the land is Lovial Natural Reserver with 34 meters below the sea level and Waterbar Hydroelectric Dam is the biggest body of water with 345km2 which is also the largest manmade dam in Karimun built-in 1901 while Arthemis River is the longest and largest river in Karimun with 154 miles or about 247 kilometers passing Theseus Hill and Patravan City.
Karimun only has twelve islands, all of them are small and half of them are habitable yet only five who are inhabited, the largest of them is Suku Island which is around 7km³ off the coast of Acounca. Around 35% of the beach is sandy, 25% is cliff, and 40% is mangroves beach.
Karimun shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia.
- Photo gallery
downstream Arthemis river
Parangtritis Beach
Lovial Forest National Park
Jatiluhur Lake
Bromo Mountain
Environment
From north to south, from the Mount Ellis mountain range in the north and to peat, coniferous forest, rainforests, grassland, sand semi-desert, as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate. Karimun has one of the world's largest forest reserves in Lovial. There are 301 mammal species, 320 reptile species, and 180 bird species endemic to Karimun registered in the Minister of Environment, and around ten of them like Komodo dragon and Cendrawasih bird are endangered. Komodo dragon also is our national animal, there are only 101 Komodo dragons living in the Komodo National Park in Kosher.
Karimun has two national parks, Komodo National Park and Lovial Forest National Park. Karimun for 15 years has been having improvement and application of environmental legislation and law, sustainable development, and implementation of various federal and national strategies and programs like the Lovial Green National Agreement that became into Environmental Law 2019, protection of rare and endangered plants, animals, and other organisms under Endangered Wildlife Act 2008, Karimun through the Ministry of Environments also has allocated around KPT 125 million in 2020 alone for study, inventory, preservation, and research.
Issues
Karimun loves their nature but sometimes urban development and the needs of equality in every province blinded them. Deforestation is one of the problems in Karimun, in 2020, Karimun is expecting around 250 hectares of forest to be gone in the end of the year.
Pollution, due to Mining and Forest contributions to the exports, the laws regarding mining and logging are a bit loose at some point but regarding Urban Pollution Law, it's strict.
Climate
The uniformly warm waters that make up 81% of Karimun's area ensure that temperatures on land remain fairly constant, with the coastal plains averaging 28 °C, the inland and mountain areas averaging 19 °C, and the higher mountain regions, 10 °C. Temperature varies little from season to season, and Karimun experiences relatively little change in the length of daylight hours from one season to the next; the difference between the longest day and the shortest day of the year is only an hour. This allows crops to be grown all year round.
| Climate data for Karimun (Saint Bay) 1980-2020, extreme 1980-present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 80.2 (26.8) |
83.3 (28.5) |
84.1 (28.9) |
84.9 (29.4) |
95.6 (35.3) |
98.9 (37.2) |
104.7 (40.4) |
101.6 (38.7) |
93.4 (34.1) |
85.8 (29.9) |
79.9 (26.6) |
75.2 (24.0) |
101.7 (38.7) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 79.4 (26.3) |
81.1 (27.3) |
85.2 (29.6) |
89.3 (31.8) |
92.7 (33.7) |
94.3 (34.6) |
101.1 (38.4) |
96.1 (35.6) |
96.0 (35.6) |
82.1 (27.8) |
79.0 (26.1) |
74.6 (23.7) |
101.1 (38.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 70.9 (21.6) |
71.0 (21.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
77.7 (25.4) |
78.7 (25.9) |
81.1 (27.3) |
82.1 (27.8) |
79.4 (26.3) |
76.3 (24.6) |
71.8 (22.1) |
70.5 (21.4) |
70.0 (21.1) |
82.1 (27.8) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 65.5 (18.6) |
68.0 (20.0) |
71.2 (21.8) |
73.4 (23.0) |
76.0 (24.4) |
74.7 (23.7) |
71.2 (21.8) |
68.8 (20.4) |
65.3 (18.5) |
64.5 (18.1) |
64.2 (17.9) |
62.1 (16.7) |
62.1 (16.7) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 61.2 (16.2) |
63.2 (17.3) |
65.5 (18.6) |
67.8 (19.9) |
68.0 (20.0) |
68.1 (20.1) |
68.2 (20.1) |
66.6 (19.2) |
65.9 (18.8) |
65.1 (18.4) |
62.1 (16.7) |
61.8 (16.6) |
59.9 (15.5) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 11.1 (280) |
10.1 (260) |
8.8 (220) |
7.3 (190) |
5.41 (137) |
3.33 (85) |
2.7 (69) |
5.5 (140) |
6.9 (180) |
7.7 (200) |
9.8 (250) |
12.1 (310) |
37.31 (948) |
| Source: Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geokisika, BMKG) | |||||||||||||
Demographics
The population of Karimun is 34.15 million according to the 2020 national census, and it was estimated to reach 60 million in 2030. It is the 17th most densely populated country in Terraconserva. Sixty-eight per cent live on the urban areas. Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1960, Karimun's population growth was 1.00 % for the decade ending in 2020. At that rate, Karimun's population is projected to surpass the present population of its neighbour, Lyoa, Sequoyah, Terranihil or Kanjuura. Some say family planning should be revitalised based on the 1960 program to avoid Karimun becoming the world's fifteen most populous country, but this aim has been criticised by religious groups who believe that family planning goes against religious teaching and human rights who believe that family planning is surpressing rights to have a family.
The fertility rate in Karimun is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate), which is high compared with some other countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1940. Karimun also has a relatively young population compared to other nations, though it is ageing as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased, life expectancy is high in Karimun: 74.4 years for newborn girls and 74.6 for boys (2020 estimate). The median age was 25.6 years in 2019. The country has a migration rate of 1.0 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year. Karimun includes numerous ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Karimun (the official national language) is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Karimunese and are still important.
Some 150,000 to 200,000 people living in Karimun are expatriates, mostly concentrated in and around November and Saint Bay both being a coastal city influenced by foreign now constituting almost 10% of the population of these cities.
The Karimunese are one of the tallest people in the world, by nationality, with an average height of 1.81 metres (5 ft 11.3 in) for adult males and 1.78 metres (5 ft 10.1 in) for adult females in 2020. People in the south are on average about 2 cm (0.8 inches) shorter than those in the north
Etnic Groups
Karimun has over 15 ethnicities, over 90% of them are native Karimunese ancestry groups.
| Number | Ethnicities | Population in Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ellisian | 9,309,290 | 27.26% |
| 2 | Cartenzer | 6,898,299 | 20.2% |
| 3 | Waterbarsian | 5,351,305 | 15.67% |
| 4 | Karos | 4,398,520 | 12.88% |
| 5 | Trengganuan | 2,134,375 | 6.25% |
| 6 | Others | 5,959,175 | 17.45% |
Languages
Karimun has a quite large polyglot population, at least around 95% can speak two languages or more.
| Number | Language | Summary | Population in Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bahasa Karimun | Around 95% of the population can speak of this, mostly due to Bahasa Karimun being a lingua franca between people who have different cultures and such in the past, Bahasa Karimun is very unique since every cities like have their own dialect and accent | 11,000,000 first speaker |
| 2 | Jawa | Around 75% of the population can speak this as well, it is just lesser in use, Javanese only has two dialects | 7,000,000 |
| 3 | Sunda | People who can speak Sundanese might understand a bit of Bahasa of Karimun at least, Sundanese has three main dialects | 6,700,000 |
| 4 | Betawi | Betawi is a language that people speak in urban areas in the past since the urbanization & transmigration began in 1960s, the language spreads | 6,600,000 |
| 5 | Jaksel | This is what people said a mixed language, mixed with several foreign language as well | 6.100,000 |
Religion
There is No Official Religion, but there are Recognized Religions, those recognized religions are funded and supported by the Ministry of Religions but sects and such need to be registered to Ministry of Social.
Karimun is one of the most diverse place in the Terraconserva. Religion in the Karimun was predominantly Titah until late into the 20th century. Although the Titah population remains, there has been a decline of its adherence.
In 2015, Badan Pusat Statistik, the Karimunese governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Karimun, found that around 42.1% of the total population declared to be non-religious. Groups that represent the non-religious in the Karimun include Ateis Karimun. Titah comprised the 20.25% decreasing from 23% in 2003, Islam comprised the 16.3% of the total population and were divided in Ayyad with 9.3%%, Shiya 4%, and Alhaz 3%, and Creeperian Catholicism comprised 8.2% of the total population and other religions (like Batin, Protestant, Shinto) comprised the remaining 10%.
| Number | Religion | Population in Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Atheism | 15,111,375 | 45.25% |
| 2 | Titah | 6,915,375 | 20.25% |
| 3 | Ayyad | 3,175,950 | 9.3% |
| 4 | Catholicism | 2,800,299 | 8.2% |
| 5 | Shiya | 1,366,000 | 4% |
| 6 | Alhaz | 1,024,500 | 3% |
| 7 | Others | 3,415,000 | 10% |
Education
| Academic degrees | Vocational degrees | Typical ages |
|---|---|---|
| doctor | employment | |
| licentiate | ||
| master | master (new) | (+2-3) |
| bachelor | bachelor | (+3-4) |
| upper secondary school (voluntary) | vocational school (voluntary) | 18-19 |
| 17-18 | ||
| 16-17 | ||
| comprehensive school (compulsory) | 15-16 | |
| 14-15 | ||
| 13-14 | ||
| 12-13 | ||
| 11-12 | ||
| 10-11 | ||
| 9-10 | ||
| 8-9 | ||
| 7-8 | ||
| pre-school | 6-7 | |
Education in Karimun falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan or Kemdikbud) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama or Kemenag). In Karimun, all citizens must undertake twelve years of compulsory education which consists of six years at elementary level and three each at middle and high school levels. Religious schools are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study environment and educational process so that the student may actively develop his/her own potential in religious and spiritual level, consciousness, personality, intelligence, behaviour and creativity to him/herself, other citizens and the nation. The Constitution also notes that there are two types of education in Karimun: formal and non-formal. Formal education is further divided into three levels: primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Education is indeed compulsory for 12 years but the parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic or Catholic) schools, supervised by the ministry of Education and Ministry of Religion, respectively. Private international schools that do not follow the national curriculum are also available. The enrolment rate almost 100% for primary education, 97% for secondary education, and 80% for tertiary education (2020). The literacy rate is 100% (2020), and the government spends about 8.8% of GDP (2020) on education. In 2020, there were more than a hundred higher educational institutions in Karimun. The top universities are the University of Karimun, University of Palmer, and November Institute of Technology
Healthcare
Government expenditure on healthcare is about 4.5% of GDP in 2020. As part of an attempt to achieve universal health care, the government launched the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN) in 2005 that provides health care to citizens. They include coverage for a range of services from the public and also private firms that have opted to join the scheme. In recent decades, there have been remarkable improvements such as rising life expectancy (from 65 in 1970 to 88 in 2020) and declining child mortality (from 84 deaths per 1,000 births in 1970 to almost 3 deaths in 2015). Karimun has quite developed healthcare technology and has one of the oldest medical schools in Terraconserva which is the University of Adhirma Jaya. Nevertheless, Karimun continues to face challenges that especially high rate of smoking in youth generation.
Government & Politics
Administrative Divisions
Karimun has several levels of subdivisions. The first level is provinces, there are 20 provinces, with four of them have Federal City status and three of them have Special Administrative Status. Each has a local legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected governor. This number has evolved, with the most recent change being the split of Patravan from Miller in 1967. The second level is that of the regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), led by regents (bupati) and mayors (walikota) respectively and a legislature (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). The third level is that of the districts (kecamatan, distrik in Lilliana, or kapanewon and kemantren in Acounca), and the fourth is of the villages (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in Aounca, or gampong in November).
The village is the lowest level of government administration. It is divided into several community groups (rukun warga, RW), which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). In Shavel, the village (desa) is divided into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), which are the same as RW. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, regencies and cities have become chief administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighbourhood through an elected village chief (lurah or kepala desa).
Giovanni, Patravan, November, Julian, Saint Bay, Johenavi, and Newton have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. A former capital city, Saint Bay has the right to create some aspects of an independent legal system. Johenavi and Patravan have the only pre-colonial monarchies legally recognised in Karimun, with the positions of governor and vice governor being prioritised for descendants of the King of Trengganu and Paku Alam, respectively. Julian and November have the status cause the importance of both cities to the nation. Giovanni is the only city granted a provincial government due to its position as the capital of Karimun.
There are thirteen states, there are Kosher, Palmer, Drevan, Acounca, Ellis Highlands, Waterbar, Miller, Ky, Argon, Liliana, Shavel, Upper Arthemis, Lower Arthemis; there are also four Federal Cities, Newton, November, Giovanni, and Julian; and three Special Administrative which are Saint Bay, Johenavi, and Patravan.
Giovanni, our fourth biggest city and the capital city is a Federal City not a Special Administrative since July 2008 when Giovanni Mayor at that time, Budhaya Sarasota resigned from her office prompting the City Council to hold a referendum to change the title from Special Administrative City of Giovanni to Federal City of Giovanni. Technically the Legislative, Judicial, and Executives all reside in Giovanni but Giovanni isn't named as a capital city in the papers since it was stripped in 2008.
November then Julian then Johenavi and Giovanni, is the list of the biggest city by population while by land, Newton has the biggest then Julian then November and Giovani is the last.
| Rank | Official Name | Acronym | Population | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Federal City of November | November | 1,992,120 | November which is the largest city in Karimun with over 1.9 million residents, November is a city of industry, the automobile center of Karimun, the city has long history as the center of textiles Industry in the 14th century, and November Institute of Technology located here. |
| 2 | Federal City of Julian | Julian | 1,987,900 | Julian, the second largest city famous with its white and sandy beaches like Kutai, Laskar, Vida, and Harmony Beaches, one of the most popular tourism spot in Karimun and also have the lowest precipitation in the country making it very hot. |
| 3 | Kekeratonan Adipati Johenavi | Johenavi | 1,980,450 | Johenavi is the third largest and second-oldest city in Karimun, built-in 1781 as Worker Town for a gold mine in Sadhana, Johenavi developed into middle income city afterwards |
| 4 | Federal City of Giovanni | Giovanni | 1,970,600 | Giovanni is the fourth-largest city and also the center for goverment & politics, build in 1949 as a major project to build a capital city from scratch, the city is very vibrant and dinamic, has been called the Big Durian - even though it is not the largest city, it's still one of the most important - by almost everyone. |
| 5 | Kekeratonan Adipati Patravan | Patravan | 1,910,120 | Patravan is fifth-largest by population administrative division in Karimun, Patravan is the center of Ancient Karimun Jawa Kingdom, it's also the center for cultural events holding the Patravan's Senyum Festive, a festival hold annually from July to September celebrating several things. |
| 6 | Free State of Ky | Ky | 1,900,901 | Ky is the sixth largest by population, Ky is like the heart of Karimun, its importance resulte in masssive transportation links and hub, being the mining province as well, around 30% of nation's mining located here. |
| 7 | Maritime State of Shavel | Shavel | 1,890,120 | Shavel is the seventh largest by population, according to its official name, Shavel has the biggest seafood due to its long coastline and near location to large cities and etrade hub, Shavel also has the longest coastline compared to any other provinces. |
| 8 | Federal City of Netwon | Netwon | 1,877,380 | Netwon is the eight largest city by population with over 1.5 million residents, Netwon is a service city, a majority of the economy there is education, healthcare, and banking. |
| 9 | Kekeratonan Adipati Saint Bay | Saint Bay | 1,840,500 | Saint Bay is the ninth largest city by population and also the second largest tourism attraction after Julian, they have the youngest average population in Karimun, around 70% of them are under 30 years old, they are pictured and got the name "the place where you will never aged" |
| 10 | State of Kosher-Shawn | Kosher | 1,840,701 | Kosher is the tenth largest city and famous for being the biggest producer of forestry products, the city accounts about 45% of the forestry exports and 80% of the furniture exports, the province has thirty famous waterfalls and also being the "camping site" of Karimun, also the third biggest tourism attraction in Karimun. |
| 11 | State of Palmer Union | Palmer | 1,773,103 | Palmer, 12th largest by population and famous for its rocky cliff beach in the north-western part of its land, Palmer has a developing economy based in forestry and mining, Palmer is the only province that has Geothermal facility and also has the biggest solar panel in the nation. |
| 12 | Katitahan Argon | Argon | 1,597,400 | Formerly known as Indegenous State of Argonijaya, now the Katitahan Argon is the 12th largest province by population and its major revenue is tourism and service sector, around 90% - the highest in the country - works either in the tourism or service sector/ |
| 13 | Free State of Lower-Arthemis | Lower Arthemis | 1,530,487 | Formerly known as Gillian state, now the State of Lower Arthemis is the 13th largest provine by population, the province is known as the lower arthemis because of the position under upstream of the Arthemis river located in Upper Arthemis province. |
| 14 | Maritime State of Acounca | Acounca | 1,479,890 | Acounca is the 14th largest population by population, it is famous as the biggest salt producer, Acounca exports around KPT$ 210M of salt in 2019. |
| 15 | State of Ellis Highlands | Ellis | 1,461,800 | Ellis Highlands or Ellis is the 15th largest by population and also the highest average elevations province in Karimun, Ellis also has the largest agriculture sector in Karimun. |
| 16 | Free State of Upper Arthemis | Upper Arthemis | 1,447,680 | Upper Arthemis is the 16th largest by population and the second highest average elevations province in Karimun, Upper Arthemis also has the upstream of the longest river in Karimun, its capital city located in a lake with fifteen bridges connecting around them, its unique topography created a fantasy world, the lush forest and rocky mountain are the very much what describes Upper Arthemis. |
| 17 | State of Drevan | Drevan | 1,445,601 | Drevan is the 17th largest by population and hold around 89% of nation tin production located here, tin is very much important for the electronic industry, Drevan's tin makes up around 67% of the tin consumption of Karimun's electronic industry. |
| 18 | State of Waterbar | Waterbar | 1,423,220 | Waterbar is the 18th largest by population but around 30% of the are is water to be detail, it's the manmade Waterbar Hydroelectric Dam, the dam provides around 21% of the electricity consumption, 79% of the freshwater fisheries, and 67% of freshwater to the nation. |
| 19 | State of Miller | Miller | 1,401,007 | Miller is the ninteenth largest by population, Miller is nicknamed the province with hundreds bridges, estimated 340 bridges are in the province crossing the Arthemis river, the river divided the province into two as well, the agricultural sector in the right of the river and the manufacture sector in the left of the river. |
| 20 | State of Lilliana | Lilliana | 1,399,020 | Lilliana is the 20th largest by population aka the smallest one from all Karimun even though its area is bigger than some provinces like Patravan and Miller, the province is densely populated in the coast only. |
Parties & Elections
Trias Politica
Karimun has a federal presidential republic with the "Highest Authority Is On The Hands Of The People" and "People Exercise Their Rights Through Democratic Elections To Elect The Representative Of All People Who Have Different Solutions On A Same Problem". The Federation of Karimun according to its constitution has three branches, the federation used to have three plus the monarch equals four but since the monarch was disbanded, Karimun has only three:
Executive
The executive branch of Karimun is headed by a president, who is head of government and head of state. The president is elected by the general election and can serve up to two five continuous year terms if reelected. The executive branch also includes a vice-president and a cabinet. All bills need joint approval between the executive and the legislature to become law, meaning the president has veto power over all legislation. The president also has the power to issue presidential decrees that have policy effects, and they are also in charge of Karimun's international relationships, although they require legislative approval for treaties. Prior to 1945, the president was chosen by the MPR, but the president is currently selected through a national election. The last election was held in April 2020, and a new guy, Thamrin Edelweiss emerged as the winner with Johan Apollo as his VP.
Legislative
The MPR is the legislative branch of Karimun's political system. The MPR is composed of two houses: the DPR, which is commonly called the People's Representative Council, and the DPD, which is called the Regional Representative Council. The 575 DPR parliamentarians are elected through multi-member electoral districts, whereas 4 DPD parliamentarians are elected in each of Karimun's 18 administrative divisions. The DPR holds most of the legislative power because it has the sole power to pass laws. The DPD acts as a supplementary body to the DPR; it can propose bills, offer its opinion and participate in discussions, but it has no legal power. The MPR itself has power outside of those given to the individual houses. It can amend the constitution, inaugurate the president and conduct impeachment procedures. When the MPR acts in this function, it does so by simply combining the members of the two houses.
Judicial
The Supreme Court of Karimun (Javanese: Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch. It hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Its judges are appointed by the president. Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; the State Administrative Court (Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara) to hear administrative law cases against the government; the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) to listen to disputes concerning the legality of the law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) to deal with codified Islamic Law (sharia), Catholic, and other religions cases. Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges.
Foreign Affairs
Karimun maintains --- diplomatic missions abroad, including --- consulates. The country adheres to what it calls a "Free and Active" foreign policy, seeking a role in regional affairs in proportion to its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among other countries.
Karimun has strained ties with its neighbour, Lyoa due to the conflict in its border and has also good ties with Terranihil which both leaders have met before in Gursaun, both Terranihil and Karimun have several trade agreements and both also supported Lyoan rebellion.
Military
Economy
Karimun has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play vital roles. As of 2020, it is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP and 16th in terms of GDP at PPP, estimated to be CQS₡1.6 trillion and CQS₡2.8 trillion respectively. Per capita GDP in PPP is CQS₡81,991, while nominal per capita GDP is CQS₡48,799. The debt ratio to GDP is quite low around 17.2%. The services are the economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2020), followed by industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%). Since 2010, the service industry has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 31.7% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%).
Infrastructure
Karimun allocated around CQS₡ 26 Billion in 2020 up from CQS₡ 19.4 Billion in 2019 for infrastructure only, Karimun has several advancement regarding infrastructure, one of them is Karimun's patented Sosrobahu idea by Tjokorda Wato from November Institute of Technology in research & development, Giovanni-Patravan high speed rail, and several others.
Transportation
Land
Karimun has a fairly connected states, federal cities, and SPA. There seven main routes in Karimun, NK1, NK2, CK1, CK2, CK3, SK1, and SK2, with over 51,000 kilometres and majority paved, Karimun is considered developed in transportation area.
The North, Central, and South Karimun road network were constructed by the national government under then President Natsir starting in 1960 to connect the nation better as the road network was underdeveloped and hard to travel on.
Water
Major ports and harbours include Johenavi, Priok, November, Giovanni, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar. Ports are managed by the various Karimun's Port Corporations, of which there are four, numbered I through IV. Each has jurisdiction over various regions of the country, with I in the north and IV in the south. Port of November in November is the Karimun's busiest port, handling over 5.20 million TEUs. A two-phase "New Tanjung November" extension project is currently underway, which will triple the existing annual capacity when fully operational in 2023. In 2015, ground breaking of the strategic Acounca's Kuala Tanjung Port has been completed. It is expected to accommodate 500,000 TEUs per year, overtaking Kosher's Kupang Port and could even compete with the port of of November.
Air
Karimun's largest airport, Hatta International Airport is the busiest in Karimun, serving 16,990,890 passengers in 2019. November International Airport and Juanda International Airport are the country's second- and third-busiest airport respectively. Garuda Karimun, the country's flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. Port of Tanjung November is the busiest and most advanced Karimunese port, handling more than 45% of Karimun's trans-shipment cargo traffic.
Energy
Energy in Karimun describes energy and electricity production, consumption, import and export in Karimun. In 2019, Karimun produced oil, coal, natural gas and palm oil, utilised also as energy raw material in 2020.
Karimuna has seen progress in renewable energy with hydropower being the most abundant source. Furthermore, the country has the potential for geothermal, solar, wind, biomass and ocean energy. Karimun has set out to achieve 30% use of renewable energy by 2025 and 45% by 2050. As of 2020, Karimun's total national installed power generation capacity stands at 25,600 MW.
The country's largest dam, Waterbar, has several purposes including the provision of hydroelectric power generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation and aquaculture. The earth-fill dam is 105 m (344 ft) high and withholds a reservoir of 3.0 billion m3 (2.4 million acre⋅ft). It helps to supply water to Giovanni and several other cities due to its near location to the capital city and to irrigate 240,000 ha (590,000 acres) of rice fieldsand has an installed capacity of 250.0 MW which feeds into the Northern Karimun grid grid managed by the State Electricity Company (PLN).
Science & Technology
Tourism
Tourism contributed around US$21.2 billion to GDP in 2019. In 2018, Karimun received 15.8 million visitors, a growth of 12.5% from last year, and received an average receipt of US$1,001. ------- are the top five sources of visitors to Karimun. Since 2011, Wonderful Karimun has been the slogan of the country's international marketing campaign to promote tourism
Industry
Social & Culture
The culture of Karimun has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Karimun is strategically-located along the coast resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions, including Christianity, Shinto, and Islam, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a complex cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures.
Art & Architecture
There have been numerous discoveries of megalithic sculptures in Karimun. Subsequently, tribal art has flourished within the culture of Ellis, Trengganuan, Waterbar, Dayak and Toraja. Wood and stone are common materials used as the media for sculpting among these tribes. Between the 8th and 15th centuries, the Javanese civilisation has developed a refined stone sculpting art and architecture which was influenced by Katitahan civilisation. The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan are among the most famous examples of the practice.
Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone and woodwork techniques and decorations have thrived in vernacular architecture, with numbers of traditional houses' (rumah adat) styles that have been developed. The traditional houses and settlements in the country vary by ethnic groups, and each has a specific custom and history. Examples include Ellis's barong, Waterbar's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang, Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, Julian houses and temples, and also different forms of rice barns (lumbung).
Music, Dance, and Clothing
The music of Karimun predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. Angklung, kacapi suling, siteran, gong, gamelan, degung, gong kebyar, bumbung, talempong, kulintang, and sasando are examples of traditional Karimunese instruments.
Karimun has various styles of clothing as a result of its long and rich cultural history. The national costume has its origins in the indigenous culture of the country and traditional textile traditions. Since Jawa is the political, economic and cultural centre of Karimun, the Javanese Batik and Kebaya are arguably Karimun's most recognised national costume. They originally belong not only to the Javanese but also to Sundanese and Balinese cultures as well. Each province has a representation of traditional attire and dress, such as Ulos of Batak from North Karimun; Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Central Karimun; and Ikat of Sasak from South. People wear national and regional costumes during traditional weddings, formal ceremonies, music performances, government and official occasions, and they vary from traditional to modern attire
Cinema & Theatre
Media & Literature
Media freedom increased considerably after the fall of the New Order, during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media. The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1969. By the early 21st century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village and people can choose from up to 11 channels. Private radio stations carry news bulletins while foreign broadcasters supply programmes. The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998. More than 2 million cell phones are sold each year, with 47% of them being local brands.
Karimun began development of the Internet in the late 1980s. Its first commercial Internet service provider, PT. Telkom began operation in Giovanni in 1994. The country had 20 million Internet users in 2018, with a penetration rate that keeps increasing annually. Most are between the ages of 15 and 19 and depend primarily on mobile phones for access, outnumbering both laptops and computers.
The oldest evidence of writing in the Karimuns is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of Karimun's peoples have firmly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities. In written poetry and prose, several traditional forms dominate, mainly syair, pantun, gurindam, hikayat and babad. Some of these works are Syair Raja Siak, Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Agus, Hikayat Bayan Budiman, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi.
Early modern Karimunn literature originates in Sumatran tradition. Balai Pustaka, the government bureau for popular literature, was instituted around 1920 to promote the development of indigenous literature. It adopted Malay as the preferred universal medium. Prominent figures in modern Karimun literature include Giovanni author Multatuli, who criticised the treatment of natives under President Avonna Vijayah; Sumatrans Mohammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential federalist writers and politicians; and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Karimun's most famous novelist. Pramoedya earned several accolades. Literature and poetry flourished even more in the first half of the 20th century. Notable authors include Chairil Anwar (Aku), Marah Roesli (Sitti Nurbaya), Merari Siregar (Azab dan Sengsara), Abdul Muis (Salah Asuhan), Djamaluddin Adinegoro (Darah Muda), Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana (Layar Terkembang), and Amir Hamzah (Nyanyi Sunyi) whose works are among the most well known in Karimun.
Cuisine
Karimunese cuisine is one of the most diverse, vibrant, and colourful in the world, full of intense flavour. Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Far Reian, Korean, Lyoan, Sacramatian, and so-on precedents. Rice is the leading staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chilli), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.
Some popular dishes such as nasi goreng, gado-gado, sate, and soto are prevalent and considered as national dishes. The Ministry of Tourism, however, chose tumpeng as the official national dish in 2014, describing it as binding the diversity of various culinary traditions. Other popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Padang cuisines along with dendeng and gulai. In 2017, rendang was chosen as the "World's Most Delicious Food" by the K1N travel reader's choice. Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways to tempeh but uses a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and particularly popular in Northern Karimun.
Public Holiday
| Date | Lyoan name | Local name | Observance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 January | Baby New Year (New Year's Day) | Bayi Tahun Baru Masehi | A celebration of the beginning of the new calender |
| 25 January | Jin New Year | Tahun Baru Jin | A celebation of the end of the Jin calender, celebrated with cultural events and massive parade in November |
| 22 March | Ascension of the Prophet Muhammad | Isra Mi'raj | |
| 25 March | Karimun's Day of Silence and Titah New Year | Hari Diam dan Tahun Baru Titah | |
| 1 April | Revolution Day | Hari Revolusi | |
| 10 April | Good Friday | Jumat Suci | |
| 12 April | Easter's Sunday | Hari Paskah | |
| 21 April | Kartini Day | Hari Kartini | Celebrates the birth of Kartini, a woman national hero |
| 1 May | Labour Day | Hari Buruh | |
| 7 May | Kebatinan Day | Hari kebatinan | |
| 21 May | Ascension of Jesus Christ | Kenaikan Yesus Kristus | |
| 24 May | Eid Fitr | Idul Fitri | |
| 25 May-1 June | Lebaran Week | Minggu Lebaran | |
| 1 June | National Ideology Day | Ideologi Nasional | |
| 1-7 June | Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Month | Hari Bhinneka Tunggal Ika | |
| 29 July | Green Day | Hari Hijau | |
| 31 July | Eid Adha | Idul Adha | |
| 17 August | Proclamation | Proklamasi | |
| 20 August | Islamic New Year | Tahun Baru Islam | |
| 21 August | Islamic New Year Holiday | Liburan Tahun Baru Islam | |
| 28 October | Youth Oath Day | Hari Sumpah Pemuda | |
| 28-30 October | The Prophet Muhammad's Birthday | Kelahiran Nabi Muhammad | |
| 24 & 26 December | Christmas Holiday | Liburan Natal | |
| 25 December | Christmas | Natal | |
| 27-30 December | New Year's Holiday | Liburan Tahun Baru | |
| 31 December | Father Time (New Year's Day) | Bapak Waktu |
