Difference between revisions of "Classical Vaktrian"
Terranihil (talk | contribs) m (Text replacement - "ḍ" to "đ") |
Terranihil (talk | contribs) m (Text replacement - "ṭ" to "ŧ") |
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! rowspan="2" | Fricative || <small>voiceless</small> | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative || <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| /f/ ''ⲫ'', ''f'' | | /f/ ''ⲫ'', ''f'' | ||
− | | /θ/ ''ⲑ'', '' | + | | /θ/ ''ⲑ'', ''ŧ'' |
| /s/ ''ⲋ'', ''s'' | | /s/ ''ⲋ'', ''s'' | ||
| /ʃ/ ''ϣ'', ''š'' | | /ʃ/ ''ϣ'', ''š'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
− | | || -is || - | + | | || -is || -aŧ |
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
− | | -aı || -saı || - | + | | -aı || -saı || -ŧaı |
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
− | | -al || -sal || - | + | | -al || -sal || -ŧal |
|- | |- | ||
! Genetive | ! Genetive | ||
− | | -ila || -sala || - | + | | -ila || -sala || -ŧila |
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
− | | -uš || -saš || - | + | | -uš || -saš || -ŧuš |
|- | |- | ||
! ''At'' locative | ! ''At'' locative | ||
− | | and || sand || | + | | and || sand || ŧand |
|- | |- | ||
! ''On'' locative | ! ''On'' locative | ||
− | | arm || sarm || | + | | arm || sarm || ŧarm |
|- | |- | ||
! ''In'' locative | ! ''In'' locative | ||
− | | atis || satis || | + | | atis || satis || ŧatis |
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
− | |''Plural''|| style="text-align: center;" |''' | + | |''Plural''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧa'''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧaı''' || style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧal''' || style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧala''' || style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧuš''' || style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧand''' || style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧarm''' || style="text-align: center;" |'''smaŧatis''' |
|} | |} | ||
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| dišaı | | dišaı | ||
| siıa | | siıa | ||
− | | | + | | ŧaıa |
|- | |- | ||
! Medial | ! Medial | ||
| šasin | | šasin | ||
| isan | | isan | ||
− | | | + | | ŧiıan |
|- | |- | ||
! Distal | ! Distal | ||
| dišal | | dišal | ||
| isal | | isal | ||
− | | | + | | iŧan |
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:46, 10 July 2022
Classical Vaktrian | |
---|---|
Vaktrıast | |
Region | Terranihil |
Era | 8th century BCE - 3rd century CE (and until present in liturgy) |
Revival | 8th century AD |
Vaktrian
| |
Vaktrian alphabet (4th c. BCE - 4th c. CE), Romanyan script | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Terranihil |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Classical Vaktrian, also referred to as Ancient Vaktrian, is a language that was commonly spoken from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE among the Vaktrian people. It arose in western Terranihil from its predecessor Proto-Vaktrian. It used the Vaktrian alphabet, derived from Greek. It was the language of the ancient Kingdom of Vaktria that existed from 800 BCE to 30 CE. It is the sacred language of Astrianism and of the X church. It became the classical language of the Vaktrian people following its decline as a commmonly spoken language, used in literature, poetry, and liturgy. The modern dialects of Vaktrian developed from Classical Vaktrian, and Standard Vaktrian is a modernization of it.
Contents
History
Origin
Vaktrian Empire
Decline
Continued use
Modernization
Phonology
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dental | alveolar | post-alveolar | ||||||
Plosive | voiceless | /p/ ⲡ, p | /t/ ⲧ, t | /k/ ⲕ, k | ||||
voiced | /b/ ⲃ, b | /d/ ⲇ, d | /g/ ⲅ, g | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | /f/ ⲫ, f | /θ/ ⲑ, ŧ | /s/ ⲋ, s | /ʃ/ ϣ, š | /x/ ⲥ, c | /h/ ⲏ, h | |
voiced | /v/ ⲯ, v | /ð/ ϯ, đ | ||||||
Nasal | /m/ ⲙ, m | /n/ ⲛ, n | ||||||
Liquid | /r/ ⲣ, r ; /l/ ⲗ, l | |||||||
Semivowel | /j/ ⲓ, ı |
Short | Long | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
High | /i/ ⳅ, i | /u/ ⳙ, u | /iː/ | /uː/ |
Mid | ||||
Low | /a/ ⲁ, a | /aː/ |
Morphology
Classical Vaktrian is an agglutanative language with extensive prefixes and suffixes to denote verb person, tense, mood, and aspect and noun case.
Verbs
Tense, aspect, and mood
Aspect | Mood | Case | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | ||
Perfective | No mood | -ir | -im | |
Subjunctive | -ira | -a | -ima | |
Conditional | -irin | -in | -imin | |
Potential | -irads | -ads | -imads | |
Imperative | -irak | -ak | -imak | |
Interrogative | -iriš | -iš | -imiš | |
Instrumental | -irust | -ust | -imust | |
Progressive | No mood | -ac | -ap | |
Subjunctive | -aca | -sa | -apa | |
Conditional | -acin | -sin | -apin | |
Potential | -akašt | -sašt | -apašt | |
Imperative | -acak | -sak | -apak | |
Interrogative | -aciš | -diš | -apiš | |
Instrumental | -acust | -dust | -apust |
Person
Unlike standardized Vaktrian, the person of verbs in Classical Vaktrian is stand alone and not a prefix.
Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
First | ga | ta | ma |
Second | ha | di | mri |
Third | ša | stu | smu |
Nouns
The locative cases are seperate and not suffixes as in Standard Vaktrian.
Case name | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -is | -aŧ | |
Accusative | -aı | -saı | -ŧaı |
Dative | -al | -sal | -ŧal |
Genetive | -ila | -sala | -ŧila |
Instrumental | -uš | -saš | -ŧuš |
At locative | and | sand | ŧand |
On locative | arm | sarm | ŧarm |
In locative | atis | satis | ŧatis |
Classical Vaktrian has nine non-gendered pronouns.
Person | Number | Case | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genetive | Instrumental | At locative | On locative | In locative | ||
First | Singular | gama | gamaı | gamal | gamala | gamuš | gamand | gamar | gamatis |
Dual | taıan | tanaı | tanal | tanala | tanuš | tand | taıarm | tanatis | |
Plural | maıa | amaı | amal | maıala | amuš | maıand | maıarm | maıatis | |
Second | Singular | hama | hamaı | hamal | hamala | hamuš | hamand | hamar | hamatis |
Dual | dila | dilaı | dil | dalal | diluš | diland | dilara | dilatis | |
Plural | mraıa | maraı | amral | mraıala | maruš | mraıand | mraıarm | mraıatis | |
Third | Singular | aša | ašaı | ašal | sašala | šuš | šand | ašarm | šašatis |
Dual | stuıam | stumaı | stumal | stumala | stumuš | stumand | stumara | stumatis | |
Plural | smaŧa | smaŧaı | smaŧal | smaŧala | smaŧuš | smaŧand | smaŧarm | smaŧatis |
Vaktrian has three classes of demonstratives (proximal, medial, and distal) which also denote number (singular, dual, or plural).
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Proximal | dišaı | siıa | ŧaıa |
Medial | šasin | isan | ŧiıan |
Distal | dišal | isal | iŧan |