Majoccan Arabic
Majoccan Arabic | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | Template:IPA-ar |
Native to | Majocco |
Region | Western Maghreb |
Ethnicity | Majoccan |
Native speakers | L1: 28 million (2016)e25 L2: 5.1 million Total: 33 million |
Neo-sur
| |
Standard forms | |
Dialects | |
Arabic alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ary |
Majoccani Arabic (Template:Lang-arTemplate:Lit), also known as Darija (الدارجة), is the dialectal, vernacular form or forms of Arabic spoken in Majocco. It is part of the Majorcani Arabic dialect continuum and as such is mutually intelligible to some extent with Eastaveran Arabic and to a lesser extent with Sconian Arabic. It is spoken by 90.9% of the population of Majocco.
While Modern Standard Arabic is used to varying degrees in formal situations such as religious sermons, books, newspapers, government communications, news broadcasts and political talk shows, Majoccani Arabic is the predominant spoken language of the country and has a strong presence in Majoccani television entertainment, cinema and commercial advertising. Majoccani Arabic has many regional dialects and accents as well, with its mainstream dialect being the one used in Majorca, Arabat, Nififkh and Darrabida, and therefore it dominates the media and eclipses most of the other regional accents.
SIL International classifies Majoccani Arabic, Hassaniya Arabic and Judeo-Majoccani Arabic as different varieties of Arabic.
Contents
- 1 Dialects
- 2 Phonology
- 3 Writing
- 4 Vocabulary
- 5 Grammar
- 5.1 Verbs
- 5.1.1 Introduction
- 5.1.2 In detail
- 5.1.2.1 Sample Paradigms of Strong Verbs
- 5.1.2.1.1 Regular verb, form I, fʕel/yfʕel
- 5.1.2.1.2 Regular verb, form I, fʕel/yfʕel, assimilation-triggering consonant
- 5.1.2.1.3 Regular verb, form I, fʕel/yfʕol
- 5.1.2.1.4 Regular verb, form II, feʕʕel/yfeʕʕel
- 5.1.2.1.5 Regular verb, form III, faʕel/yfaʕel
- 5.1.2.1.6 Regular verb, form Ia, ttefʕel/yttefʕel
- 5.1.2.2 Sample Paradigms of Weak Verbs
- 5.1.2.3 Sample Paradigms of Hollow Verbs
- 5.1.2.4 Sample Paradigms of Doubled Verbs
- 5.1.2.5 Sample Paradigms of Doubly Weak Verbs
- 5.1.2.6 Paradigms of Irregular Verbs
- 5.1.2.1 Sample Paradigms of Strong Verbs
- 5.1 Verbs
- 6 Social features
Dialects
Pre-Hilalian dialects
Phonology
Vowels
Consonants
Writing
Vocabulary
Substrates
Grammar
Verbs
Introduction
The regular Majoccani Arabic verb conjugates with a series of prefixes and suffixes. The stem of the conjugated verb may change a bit, depending on the conjugation:
The stem of the Majoccani Arabic verb for "to write" is kteb.
Past tense
The past tense of kteb (write) is as follows:
I wrote: kteb-t
You wrote: kteb-ti (some regions tend to differentiate between masculine and feminine, the masculine form is kteb-t, the feminine kteb-ti)
He/it wrote: kteb (can also be an order to write; kteb er-rissala: Write the letter)
She/it wrote: ketb-et
We wrote: kteb-na
You (plural) wrote: kteb-tu / kteb-tiu
They wrote: ketb-u
The stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above.
Present tense
The present tense of kteb is as follows:
I am writing: ka-ne-kteb
You are (masculine) writing: ka-te-kteb
You are (feminine) writing: ka-t-ketb-i
He's/it is writing: ka-ye-kteb
She is/it is writing: ka-te-kteb
We are writing: ka-n-ketb-u
You (plural) are writing: ka-t-ketb-u
They are writing: ka-y-ketb-u
The stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above. Between the prefix ka-n-, ka-t-, ka-y- and the stem kteb, an e appears but not between the prefix and the transformed stem ketb because of the same restriction that produces inversion.
In the north, "you are writing" is always ka-de-kteb regardless of who is addressed. This is also the case of de in de-kteb as northerners prefer to use de and southerners prefer te.
Instead of the prefix ka, some speakers prefer the use of ta (ta-ne-kteb "I am writing"). The coexistence of these two prefixes is from historic differences. In general, ka is more used in the north and ta in the south, some other prefixes like la, a, qa are less used. In some regions like in the east (Oujda), most speakers use no preverb (ne-kteb, te-kteb, y-kteb, etc.).
Other tenses
To form the future tense, the prefix ka-/ta- is removed and replaced with the prefix ġa-, ġad- or ġadi instead (e.g. ġa-ne-kteb "I will write", ġad-ketb-u (north) or ġadi t-ketb-u "You (plural) will write").
For the subjunctive and infinitive, the ka- is removed (bġit ne-kteb "I want to write", bġit te-kteb "I want 'you to write").
The imperative is conjugated with the suffixes of the present tense but without any prefixes or preverbs:
kteb Write! (masculine singular)
ketb-i Write! (feminine singular)
ketb-u Write! (plural)
Negation
In detail
Tense/Mood | Past | Non-Past | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | PAc-t | PAc-na | n(e)-NP0 | n(e)-NP0-u/w | |
2nd | masculine | PAc-ti | PAc-tiw | t(e)-NP0 | t(e)-NPv-u/w |
feminine | t(e)-NPv-i/y | ||||
3rd | masculine | PA0 | PAv-u/w | y-NP0 | y-NPv-u/w |
feminine | PAv-et | t(e)-NP0 |
The following table lists the verb classes along with the form of the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun, in addition to an example verb for each class.
Notes:
- Italicized forms are those that follow automatically from the regular rules of deletion of /e/.
- In the past tense, there can be up to three stems:
- When only one form appears, this same form is used for all three stems.
- When three forms appear, these represent first-singular, third-singular and third-plural, which indicate the PAc, PA0 and PAv stems, respectively.
- When two forms appear, separated by a comma, these represent first-singular and third-singular, which indicate the PAc and PA0 stems. When two forms appear, separated by a semicolon, these represent third-singular and third-plural, which indicate the PA0 and PAv stems. In both cases, the missing stem is the same as the third-singular (PA0) stem.
- Not all forms have a separate verb class for hollow or doubled roots. In such cases, the table below has the notation "(use strong form)", and roots of that shape appear as strong verbs in the corresponding form; e.g. Form II strong verb dˤáyyaʕ/yidˤáyyaʕ "waste, lose" related to Form I hollow verb dˤaʕ/yidˤiʕ "be lost", both from root Dˤ-Y-ʕ.
Form | Strong | Weak | Hollow | Doubled | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Non-Past | Example | Past | Non-Past | Example | Past | Non-Past | Example | Past | Non-Past | Example | |
I | FMeL; FeMLu | yFMeL, yFeMLu | kteb/ykteb "write", ʃrˤeb/yʃrˤeb "drink" | FMit, FMa | yFMi | rˤma/yrˤmi "throw", ʃra/yʃri "buy" | FeLt, FaL | yFiL | baʕ/ybiʕ "sell", ʒab/yʒib "bring" | FeMMit, FeMM | yFeMM | ʃedd/yʃedd "close", medd/ymedd "hand over" |
yFMoL, yFeMLu | dxel/ydxol "enter", sken/yskon "reside" | yFMa | nsa/ynsa "forget" | yFuL | ʃaf/yʃuf "see", daz/yduz "pass" | FoMMit, FoMM | yFoMM | koħħ/ykoħħ "cough" | ||||
yFMu | ħba/yħbu "crawl" | yFaL | xaf/yxaf "sleep", ban/yban "seem" | |||||||||
FoLt, FaL | yFuL | qal/yqul "say", kan/ykun "be" (the only examples) | ||||||||||
II | FeMMeL; FeMMLu | yFeMMeL, yFeMMLu | beddel/ybeddel "change" | FeMMit, FeMMa | yFeMMi | werra/ywerri "show" | (same as strong) | |||||
FuwweL; FuwwLu | yFuwweL, yFuwwLu | xuwwef/yxuwwef "frighten" | Fuwwit, Fuwwa | yFuwwi | luwwa/yluwwi "twist" | |||||||
FiyyeL; FiyyLu | yFiyyeL, yFiyyLu | biyyen/ybiyyen "indicate" | Fiyyit, Fiyya | yFiyyi | qiyya/yqiyyi "make vomit" | |||||||
III | FaMeL; FaMLu | yFaMeL, yFaMLu | sˤaferˤ/ysˤaferˤ "travel" | FaMit, FaMa | yFaMi | qadˤa/yqadˤi "finish (trans.)", sawa/ysawi "make level" | (same as strong) | FaMeMt/FaMMit, FaM(e)M, FaMMu | yFaM(e)M, yFaMMu | sˤaf(e)f/ysˤaf(e)f "line up (trans.)" | ||
Ia(VIIt) | tteFMeL; ttFeMLu | ytteFMeL, yttFeMLu | ttekteb/yttekteb "be written" | tteFMit, tteFMa | ytteFMa | tterˤma/ytterˤma "be thrown", ttensa/yttensa "be forgotten" | ttFaLit/ttFeLt/ttFaLt, ttFaL | yttFaL | ttbaʕ/yttbaʕ "be sold" | ttFeMMit, ttFeMM | yttFeMM | ttʃedd/yttʃedd "be closed" |
ytteFMoL, yttFeMLu | ddxel/yddxol "be entered" | yttFoMM | ttfekk/yttfokk "get loose" | |||||||||
IIa(V) | tFeMMeL; tFeMMLu | ytFeMMeL, ytFeMMLu | tbeddel/ytbeddel "change (intrans.)" | tFeMMit, tFeMMa | ytFeMMa | twerra/ytwerra "be shown" | (same as strong) | |||||
tFuwweL; tFuwwLu | ytFuwweL, ytFuwwLu | txuwwef/ytxuwwef "be frightened" | tFuwwit, tFuwwa | ytFuwwa | tluwwa/ytluwwa "twist (intrans.)" | |||||||
tFiyyeL; tFiyyLu | ytFiyyeL, ytFiyyLu | tbiyyen/ytbiyyen "be indicated" | tFiyyit, tFiyya | ytFiyya | tqiyya/ytqiyya "be made to vomit" | |||||||
IIIa(VI) | tFaMeL; tFaMLu | ytFaMeL, ytFaMLu | tʕawen/ytʕawen "cooperate" | tFaMit, tFaMa | ytFaMa | tqadˤa/ytqadˤa "finish (intrans.)", tħama/ytħama "join forces" | (same as strong) | tFaMeMt/tFaMMit, tFaM(e)M, tFaMMu | ytFaM(e)M, ytFaMMu | tsˤaf(e)f/ytsˤaf(e)f "get in line", twad(e)d/ytwad(e)d "give gifts to one another" | ||
VIII | FtaMeL; FtaMLu | yFtaMeL, yFtaMLu | ħtarˤem/ħtarˤem "respect", xtarˤeʕ/xtarˤeʕ "invent" | FtaMit, FtaMa | yFtaMi | ??? | FtaLit/FteLt/FtaLt, FtaL | yFtaL | xtarˤ/yxtarˤ "choose", ħtaʒ/yħtaʒ "need" | FteMMit, FteMM | yFteMM | htemm/yhtemm "be interested (in)" |
IX | FMaLit/FMeLt/FMaLt, FMaL | yFMaL | ħmarˤ/yħmarˤ "be red, blush", sman/ysman "be(come) fat" | (same as strong) | ||||||||
X | steFMeL; steFMLu | ysteFMeL, ysteFMLu | steɣrˤeb/ysteɣrˤeb "be surprised" | steFMit, steFMa | ysteFMi | stedʕa/ystedʕi "invite" | (same as strong) | stFeMMit, stFeMM | ystFeMM | stɣell/ystɣell "exploit" | ||
ysteFMa | stehza/ystehza "ridicule", stăʕfa/ystăʕfa "resign" | |||||||||||
Iq | FeSTeL; FeSTLu | yFeSTeL, yFeSTLu | tˤerˤʒem/ytˤerˤʒem "translate", melmel/ymelmel "move (trans.)", hernen/yhernen "speak nasally" | FeSTit, FeSTa | yFeSTi | seqsˤa/yseqsˤi "ask" | (same as strong) | |||||
FiTeL; FiTLu | yFiTeL, yFiTLu | sˤifetˤ/ysˤifetˤ "send", ritel/yritel "pillage" | FiTit, FiTa | yFiTi | tira/ytiri "shoot" | |||||||
FuTeL; FuTLu | yFuTeL, yFuTLu | suger/ysuger "insure", suret/ysuret "lock" | FuTit, FuTa | yFuTi | rula/yruli "roll (trans.)" | |||||||
FiSTeL; FiSTLu | yFiSTeL, yFiSTLu | birˤʒez??? "cause to act bourgeois???", biznes??? "cause to deal in drugs" | F...Tit, F...Ta | yF...Ti | blˤana, yblˤani "scheme, plan", fanta/yfanti "dodge, fake", pidˤala/ypidˤali "pedal" | |||||||
Iqa(IIq) | tFeSTeL; tFeSTLu | ytFeSTeL, ytFeSTLu | tˤtˤerˤʒem/ytˤtˤerˤʒem "be translated", tmelmel/ytmelmel "move (intrans.)" | tFeSTit, tFeSTa | ytFeSTa | tseqsˤa/ytseqsˤa "be asked" | (same as strong) | |||||
tFiTeL; tFiTLu | ytFiTeL, ytFiTLu | tsˤifetˤ/ytsˤifetˤ "be sent", tritel/ytritel "be pillaged" | tFiTit, tFiTa | ytFiTa | ttira/yttiri "be shot" | |||||||
tFuTeL; tFuTLu | ytFuTeL, ytFuTLu | tsuger/ytsuger "be insured", tsuret/ytsuret "be locked" | tFuTit, tFuTa | ytFuTa | trula/ytruli "roll (intrans.)" | |||||||
tFiSTeL; tFiSTLu | ytFiSTeL, ytFiSTLu | tbirˤʒez "act bourgeois", tbiznes "deal in drugs" | tF...Tit, tF...Ta | ytF...Ta | tblˤana/ytblˤana "be planned", tfanta/ytfanta "be dodged", tpidˤala/ytpidˤala "be pedaled" |
Sample Paradigms of Strong Verbs
Regular verb, form I, fʕel/yfʕel
Example: kteb/ykteb "write"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | kteb-t | kteb-na | ne-kteb | n-ketb-u | ka-ne-kteb | ka-n-ketb-u | ɣa-ne-kteb | ɣa-n-ketb-u | |||
2nd | masculine | kteb-ti | kteb-tiw | te-kteb | t-ketb-u | ka-te-kteb | ka-t-ketb-u | ɣa-te-kteb | ɣa-t-ketb-u | kteb | ketb-u |
feminine | t-ketb-i | ka-t-ketb-i | ɣa-t-ketb-i | ketb-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | kteb | ketb-u | y-kteb | y-ketb-u | ka-y-kteb | ka-y-ketb-u | ɣa-y-kteb | ɣa-y-ketb-u | ||
feminine | ketb-et | te-kteb | ka-te-kteb | ɣa-te-kteb |
Some comments:
- Boldface, here and elsewhere in paradigms, indicate unexpected deviations from some previously established pattern.
- The present indicative is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of /ka-/. Similarly, the future is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of /ɣa-/.
- The imperative is also formed from the second-person subjunctive, this by the removal of any prefix /t-/, /te-/, or /d-/.
- The stem /kteb/ changes to /ketb-/ before a vowel.
- Prefixes /ne-/ and /te-/ keep the vowel before two consonants but drop it before one consonant; hence singular /ne-kteb/ changes to plural /n-ketb-u/.
Example: kteb/ykteb "write": non-finite forms
Number/Gender | Active Participle | Passive Participle | Verbal Noun |
---|---|---|---|
Masc. Sg. | kateb | mektub | ketaba |
Fem. Sg. | katb-a | mektub-a | |
Pl. | katb-in | mektub-in |
Regular verb, form I, fʕel/yfʕel, assimilation-triggering consonant
Example: dker/ydker "mention"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | dker-t | dker-na | n-dker | n-dekr-u | ka-n-dker | ka-n-dekr-u | ɣa-n-dker | ɣa-n-dekr-u | |||
2nd | masculine | dker-ti | dker-tiw | d-dker | d-dekr-u | ka-d-dker | ka-d-dekr-u | ɣa-d-dker | ɣa-d-dekr-u | dker | dekr-u |
feminine | d-dekr-i | ka-d-dekr-i | ɣa-d-dekr-i | dekr-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | dker | dekr-u | y-dker | y-dekr-u | ka-y-dker | ka-y-dekr-u | ɣa-y-dker | ɣa-y-dekr-u | ||
feminine | dekr-et | d-dker | ka-d-dker | ɣa-d-dker |
This paradigm differs from kteb/ykteb in the following ways:
- /ne-/ is always reduced to /n-/.
- /te-/ is always reduced to /t-/, and then all /t-/ are assimilated to /d-/.
Reduction and assimilation occur as follows:
- Before a coronal stop /t/, /tˤ/, /d/ or /dˤ/, /ne-/ and /te-/ are always reduced to /n-/ and /t-/.
- Before a coronal fricative /s/, /sˤ/, /z/, /zˤ/, /ʃ/ or /ʒ/, /ne-/ and /te-/ are optionally reduced to /n-/ and /t-/. The reduction usually happens in normal and fast speech but not in slow speech.
- Before a voiced coronal /d/, /dˤ/, /z/, /zˤ/, or /ʒ/, /t-/ is assimilated to /d-/.
Examples:
- Required reduction /n-them/ "I accuse", /t-them/ "you accuse".
- Optional reduction /n-skon/ or /ne-skon/ "I reside", /te-skon/ or /t-skon/ "you reside".
- Optional reduction/assimilation /te-ʒberˤ/ or /d-ʒberˤ/ "you find".
Regular verb, form I, fʕel/yfʕol
Example: xrˤeʒ/yxrˤoʒ "go out"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | xrˤeʒ-t | xrˤeʒ-na | ne-xrˤoʒ | n-xerˤʒ-u | ka-ne-xrˤoʒ | ka-n-xerˤʒ-u | ɣa-ne-xrˤoʒ | ɣa-n-xerˤʒ-u | |||
2nd | masculine | xrˤeʒ-ti | xrˤeʒ-tiw | te-xrˤoʒ | t-xerˤʒ-u | ka-te-xrˤoʒ | ka-t-xerˤʒ-u | ɣa-te-xrˤoʒ | ɣa-t-xerˤʒ-u | xrˤoʒ | xerˤʒ-u |
feminine | t-xerˤʒ-i | ka-t-xerˤʒ-i | ɣa-t-xerˤʒ-i | xerˤʒ-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | xrˤeʒ | xerˤʒ-u | y-xrˤoʒ | y-xerˤʒ-u | ka-y-xrˤoʒ | ka-y-xerˤʒ-u | ɣa-y-xrˤoʒ | ɣa-y-xerˤʒ-u | ||
feminine | xerˤʒ-et | te-xrˤoʒ | ka-te-xrˤoʒ | ɣa-te-xrˤoʒ |
Regular verb, form II, feʕʕel/yfeʕʕel
Example: beddel/ybeddel "change"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | beddel-t | beddel-na | n-beddel | n-beddl-u | ka-n-beddel | ka-n-beddl-u | ɣa-n-beddel | ɣa-n-beddl-u | |||
2nd | masculine | beddel-ti | beddel-tiw | t-beddel | t-beddl-u | ka-t-beddel | ka-t-beddl-u | ɣa-t-beddel | ɣa-t-beddl-u | beddel | beddl-u |
feminine | t-beddl-i | ka-t-beddl-i | ɣa-t-beddl-i | beddl-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | beddel | beddl-u | y-beddel | y-beddl-u | ka-y-beddel | ka-y-beddl-u | ɣa-y-beddel | ɣa-y-beddl-u | ||
feminine | beddl-et | t-beddel | ka-t-beddel | ɣa-t-beddel |
Boldfaced forms indicate the primary differences from the corresponding forms of kteb, which apply to many classes of verbs in addition to form II strong:
- The prefixes /t-/, /n-/ always appear without any stem vowel. This behavior is seen in all classes where the stem begins with a single consonant (which includes most classes).
- The /e/ in the final vowel of the stem is elided when a vowel-initial suffix is added. This behavior is seen in all classes where the stem ends in /-VCeC/ or/-VCCeC/ (where /V/ stands for any vowel and /C/ for any consonant). In addition to form II strong, this includes form III strong, form III Due to the regular operation of the stress rules, the stress in the past tense forms beddel-et and beddel-u differs from dexl-et and dexl-u.
Regular verb, form III, faʕel/yfaʕel
Example: sˤaferˤ/ysˤaferˤ "travel"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | sˤaferˤ-t | sˤaferˤ-na | n-sˤaferˤ | n-sˤafrˤ-u | ka-n-sˤaferˤ | ka-n-sˤafrˤ-u | ɣa-n-sˤaferˤ | ɣa-n-sˤafrˤ-u | |||
2nd | masculine | sˤaferˤ-t | sˤaferˤ-tiw | t-sˤaferˤ | t-sˤafrˤ-u | ka-t-sˤaferˤ | ka-t-sˤafrˤ-u | ɣa-t-sˤaferˤ | ɣa-t-sˤafrˤ-u | sˤaferˤ | sˤafrˤ-u |
feminine | t-sˤafrˤ-i | ka-t-sˤafrˤ-i | ɣa-t-sˤafrˤ-i | sˤafrˤ-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | sˤaferˤ | sˤafrˤ-u | y-sˤaferˤ | y-sˤafrˤ-u | ka-y-sˤaferˤ | ka-y-sˤafrˤ-u | ɣa-y-sˤaferˤ | ɣa-y-sˤafrˤ-u | ||
feminine | sˤafrˤ-et | t-sˤaferˤ | ka-t-sˤaferˤ | ɣa-t-sˤaferˤ |
The primary differences from the corresponding forms of beddel (shown in boldface) are:
- The long vowel /a/ becomes /a/ when unstressed.
- The /i/ in the stem /safir/ is elided when a suffix beginning with a vowel follows.
Regular verb, form Ia, ttefʕel/yttefʕel
Example: ttexleʕ/yttexleʕ "get scared"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | ttexleʕ-t | ttexleʕ-na | n-ttexleʕ | n-ttxelʕ-u | ka-n-ttexleʕ | ka-n-ttxelʕ-u | ɣa-n-ttexleʕ | ɣa-n-ttxelʕ-u | |||
2nd | masculine | ttexleʕ-ti | ttexleʕ-tiw | (te-)ttexleʕ | (te-)ttxelʕ-u | ka-(te-)ttexleʕ | ka-(te-)ttxelʕ-u | ɣa-(te-)ttexleʕ | ɣa-(te-)ttxelʕ-u | ttexleʕ | ttxelʕ-u |
feminine | (te-)ttxelʕ-i | ka-(te-)ttxelʕ-i | ɣa-(te-)ttxelʕ-i | ttxelʕ-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | ttexleʕ | ttxelʕ-u | y-ttexleʕ | y-ttxelʕ-u | ka-y-ttexleʕ | ka-y-ttxelʕ-u | ɣa-y-ttexleʕ | ɣa-y-ttxelʕ-u | ||
feminine | ttxelʕ-et | (te-)ttexleʕ | ka-(te-)ttexleʕ | ɣa-(te-)ttexleʕ |
Sample Paradigms of Weak Verbs
Weak verbs have a W or Y as the last root consonant.
Weak , form I, fʕa/yfʕa
Example: nsa/ynsa "forget"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | nsi-t | nsi-na | ne-nsa | ne-nsa-w | ka-ne-nsa | ka-ne-nsa-w | ɣa-ne-nsa | ɣa-ne-nsa-w | |||
2nd | masculine | nsi-ti | nsi-tiw | te-nsa | te-nsa-w | ka-te-nsa | ka-te-nsa-w | ɣa-te-nsa | ɣa-te-nsa-w | nsa | nsa-w |
feminine | te-nsa-y | ka-te-nsa-y | ɣa-te-nsa-y | nsa-y | |||||||
3rd | masculine | nsa | nsa-w | y-nsa | y-nsa-w | ka-y-nsa | ka-y-nsa-w | ɣa-y-nsa | ɣa-y-nsa-w | ||
feminine | nsa-t | te-nsa | ka-te-nsa | ɣa-te-nsa |
The primary differences from the corresponding forms of kteb (shown in ) are:
- There is no movement of the sort occurring in kteb vs. ketb-.
- Instead, in the past, there are two stems: nsi- in the first and second persons and nsa- in the third person. In the non-past, there is a single stem nsa.
- Because the stems end in a vowel, normally vocalic suffixes assume consonantal form:
- Plural -u becomes -w.
- Feminine singular non-past -i becomes -y.
- Feminine singular third-person past -et becomes -t.
Weak verb, form I, fʕa/yfʕi
Example: rˤma/yrˤmi "throw"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | rˤmi-t | rˤmi-na | ne-rˤmi | ne-rˤmi-w | ka-ne-rˤmi | ka-ne-rˤmi-w | ɣa-ne-rˤmi | ɣa-ne-rˤmi-w | |||
2nd | masculine | rˤmi-ti | rˤmi-tiw | te-rˤmi | te-rˤmi-w | ka-te-rˤmi | ka-te-rˤmi-w | ɣa-te-rˤmi | ɣa-te-rˤmi-w | rˤmi | rˤmi-w |
feminine | |||||||||||
3rd | masculine | rˤma | rˤma-w | y-rˤmi | y-rˤmi-w | ka-y-rˤmi | ka-y-rˤmi-w | ɣa-y-rˤmi | ɣa-y-rˤmi-w | ||
feminine | rˤma-t | te-rˤmi | ka-te-rˤmi | ɣa-te-rˤmi |
This verb type is quite similar to the weak verb type nsa/ynsa. The primary differences are:
- The non-past stem has /i/ instead of /a/. The occurrence of one vowel or the other varies from stem to stem in an unpredictable fashion.
- -iy in the feminine singular non-past is simplified to -i, resulting in homonymy between masculine and feminine singular.
Verbs other than form I behave as follows in the non-past:
- Form X has either /a/ or /i/.
- Mediopassive verb forms—i.e. Ia(VIIt), IIa(V), IIIa(VI) and Iqa(IIq) – have /a/.
- Other forms—i.e. II, III and Iq—have /i/.
Examples:
- Form II: wedda/yweddi "fulfill"; qewwa/yqewwi "strengthen"
- Form III: qadˤa/yqadˤi "finish"; dawa/ydawi "treat, cure"
- Form Ia(VIIt): ttensa/yttensa "be forgotten"
- Form IIa(V): tqewwa/ytqewwa "become strong"
- Form IIIa(VI): tqadˤa/ytqadˤa "end (intrans.)"
- Form VIII: (no examples?)
- Form IX: (behaves as a strong verb)
- Form X: stedʕa/ystedʕi "invite"; but stehza/ystehza "ridicule", steħla/ysteħla "enjoy", steħya/ysteħya "become embarrassed", stăʕfa/ystăʕfa "resign"
- Form Iq: (need example)
- Form Iqa(IIq): (need example)
Sample Paradigms of Hollow Verbs
Hollow have a W or Y as the middle root consonant. Note that for some forms (e.g. form II and form III), hollow verbs are conjugated as strong verbs (e.g. form II ʕeyyen/yʕeyyen "appoint" from ʕ-Y-N, form III ʒaweb/yʒaweb "answer" from ʒ-W-B).
Hollow verb, form I, fal/yfil
Example: baʕ/ybiʕ "sell"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | beʕ-t | beʕ-na | n-biʕ | n-biʕ-u | ka-n-biʕ | ka-n-biʕ-u | ɣa-n-biʕ | ɣa-n-biʕ-u | |||
2nd | masculine | beʕ-ti | beʕ-tiw | t-biʕ | t-biʕ-u | ka-t-biʕ | ka-t-biʕ-u | ɣa-t-biʕ | ɣa-t-biʕ-u | biʕ | biʕ-u |
feminine | t-biʕ-i | ka-t-biʕ-i | ɣa-t-biʕ-i | biʕ-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | baʕ | baʕ-u | y-biʕ | y-biʕ-u | ka-y-biʕ | ka-y-biʕ-u | ɣa-y-biʕ | ɣa-y-biʕ-u | ||
feminine | baʕ-et | t-biʕ | ka-t-biʕ | ɣa-t-biʕ |
This verb works much like beddel/ybeddel "teach". Like all verbs whose stem begins with a single consonant, the prefixes differ in the following way from those of regular and weak form I verbs:
- The prefixes /t-/, /j-/, /ni-/ have elision of /i/ following /ka-/ or /ɣa-/.
- The imperative prefix /i-/ is missing.
In addition, the past tense has two stems: beʕ- before consonant-initial suffixes (first and second person) and baʕ- elsewhere (third person).
Hollow verb, form I, fal/yful
Example: ʃaf/yʃuf "see"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | ʃef-t | ʃef-na | n-ʃuf | n-ʃuf-u | ka-n-ʃuf | ka-n-ʃuf-u | ɣa-n-ʃuf | ɣa-n-ʃuf-u | |||
2nd | masculine | ʃef-ti | ʃef-tiw | t-ʃuf | t-ʃuf-u | ka-t-ʃuf | ka-t-ʃuf-u | ɣa-t-ʃuf | ɣa-t-ʃuf-u | ʃuf | ʃuf-u |
feminine | t-ʃuf-i | ka-t-ʃuf-i | ɣa-t-ʃuf-i | ʃuf-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | ʃaf | ʃaf-u | y-ʃuf | y-ʃuf-u | ka-y-ʃuf | ka-y-ʃuf-u | ɣa-y-ʃuf | ɣa-y-ʃuf-u | ||
feminine | ʃaf-et | t-ʃuf | ka-t-ʃuf | ɣa-t-ʃuf |
This verb class is identical to verbs such as baʕ/ybiʕ except in having stem vowel /u/ in place of /i/.
Sample Paradigms of Doubled Verbs
Doubled verbs have the same consonant as middle and last root consonant, e.g. ɣabb/yiħebb "love" from Ħ-B-B.
Doubled verb, form I, feʕʕ/yfeʕʕ
Example: ħebb/yħebb "love"
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | ħebbi-t | ħebbi-na | n-ħebb | n-ħebb-u | ka-n-ħebb | ka-n-ħebb-u | ɣa-n-ħebb | ɣa-n-ħebb-u | |||
2nd | masculine | ħebbi-ti | ħebbi-tiw | t-ħebb | t-ħebb-u | ka-t-ħebb | ka-t-ħebb-u | ɣa-t-ħebb | ɣa-t-ħebb-u | ħebb | ħebb-u |
feminine | t-ħebb-i | ka-t-ħebb-i | ɣa-t-ħebb-i | ħebb-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | ħebb | ħebb-u | y-ħebb | y-ħebb-u | ka-y-ħebb | ka-y-ħebb-u | ɣa-y-ħebb | ɣa-y-ħebb-u | ||
feminine | ħebb-et | t-ħebb | ka-t-ħebb | ɣa-t-ħebb |
This verb works much like baʕ/ybiʕ "sell". Like that class, it has two stems in the past, which are ħebbi- before consonant-initial suffixes (first and second person) and ħebb- elsewhere (third person). Note that /i-/ was borrowed from the weak verbs; the Classical Arabic equivalent form would be *ħabáb-, e.g. *ħabáb-t.
Some verbs have /o/ in the stem: koħħ/ykoħħ "cough".
As for the other forms:
- Form II, V doubled verbs are strong: ɣedded/yɣedded "limit, fix (appointment)"
- Form III, VI doubled verbs optionally behave either as strong verbs or similar to ħebb/yħebb: sˤafef/ysˤafef or sˤaff/ysˤaff "line up (trans.)"
- Form VIIt doubled verbs behave like ħebb/yħebb: ttʕedd/yttʕedd
- Form VIII doubled verbs behave like ħebb/yħebb: htemm/yhtemm "be interested (in)"
- Form IX doubled verbs probably don't exist, and would be strong if they did exist.
- Form X verbs behave like ħebb/yħebb: stɣell/ystɣell "exploit".
Sample Paradigms of Doubly Weak Verbs
"Doubly weak" verbs have more than one "weakness", typically a W or Y as both the second and third consonants. In Majoccani Arabic such verbs generally behave as normal weak verbs (e.g. ħya/yħya "live" from Ħ-Y-Y, quwwa/yquwwi "strengthen" from Q-W-Y, dawa/ydawi "treat, cure" from D-W-Y). This is not always the case in standard Arabic (cf. walā/yalī "follow" from W-L-Y).
Paradigms of Irregular Verbs
The irregular verbs are as follows:
- dda/yddi "give" (inflects like a normal weak verb; active participle dday or meddi, passive participle meddi)
- ʒa/yʒi "come" (inflects like a normal weak verb, except imperative aʒi (sg.), aʒiw (pl.); active participle maʒi or ʒay)
- kla/yakol (or kal/yakol) "eat" and xda/yaxod (or xad/yaxod) "take" (see paradigm below; active participle wakel, waxed; passive participle muwkul, muwxud):
Tense/Mood | Past | Present Subjunctive | Present Indicative | Future | Imperative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | kli-t | kli-na | na-kol | na-kl-u | ka-na-kol | ka-na-kl-u | ɣa-na-kol | ɣa-na-kl-u | |||
2nd | masculine | kli-ti | kli-tiw | ta-kol | ta-kl-u | ka-ta-kol | ka-ta-kl-u | ɣa-ta-kol | ɣa-ta-kl-u | kul | kul-u |
feminine | ta-kl-i | ka-ta-kl-i | ɣa-ta-kl-i | kul-i | |||||||
3rd | masculine | kla | kla-w | ya-kol | ya-kl-u | ka-ya-kol | ka-ya-kl-u | ɣa-ya-kol | ɣa-ya-kl-u | ||
feminine | kla-t | ta-kol | ka-ta-kol | ɣa-ta-kol |