Vaktrian language
Vektranamic | |
---|---|
Region | Terranihil |
Era | 16th century BC - 2nd century AD (and until present in liturgy) |
Revival | 8th century AD |
Vektranamic alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Part of a series on |
Ecro-Avansertian languages |
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Vektranamic (Vektranamic:Ⲫⲉⲕⲧⲣⲁⲛⲁ̄ⲙⲓ, Vektranámı) is a classical language of Terranihil belonging to the Terranilian-Azumanakan branch of the Ecro-Avansertian language family. It arose in south eastern Terranihil in the mid 2nd millenium BC from its predecessor, Proto-Terranilic, as the first recorded Terranilic language. It used the Vektranamic alphabet, derived from Greek. It was the language of the ancient Vektranamic Empire that existed from 1500-600 BC. It is the sacred language of X religion, the language of classical X philosophy, and of the X church.
Contents
Etymology
History
Origin
Classical Vektranamic
1600-1000 BC
Middle Vektranamic
1000-400 BC
Late Vektranamic
400 BC-200 AD
Geographic distribution
Phonology
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dental | alveolar | post-alveolar | ||||||
Plosive | voiceless | /p/ p p | /t/ t t | /k/ k k | /ʔ/ ' ' | |||
voiced | /b/ b b | /d/ d d | /g/ g g | |||||
Fricative | /f/ f f | /θ/ tᵃ ṭ | /s/ s s | /ʃ/ ś š | /x/ kᵃ c | /h/ h h | ||
voiced | /v/ v v | /ð/ dᵃ ḍ | /z/ z z | /ʒ/ ź ž | ||||
Nasal | /m/ m m | /n/ n n | ||||||
Liquid | /r/ r r, /l/ l l | |||||||
Semivowel | /j/ y ı | /w/ w w |
Vektranamic has one digraph: /tʃ/ č.
High | /i/ i í | /u/ u á |
---|---|---|
Mid | /e/ e á | |
Low | /a/ a á |
Morphology
Vektranamic is an agglutanative language which utilizes both prefixes and suffixes to denote verb person, tense, mood, and aspect and noun case. The word order is subject-object-verb.
Verbs
Vektranamic has three tenses: past, present, and future; two aspects: perfective and progressive; five moods: interrogative, imperative, conditional, potential, and subjunctive; and eight persons corresponding to the eight pronouns. Grammatical person and negation is expressed by verb prefixes, while tense, aspect, and mood are expressed by suffixes. Negation is denoted with a ne- prefix. Vektranamic verbs tend to have end with -at, -et, or -aj.
Negation comes before person in the prefix. The order for suffixes is tense and aspect then mood. Word structure:
- negative + person + verb + tense/aspect + mood
Example:
- netuhatimeṭ (you might not have been eating)
This allows Vektranamic to express whole sentences in single words.
Person is generally only denoted with a suffix if a subject is not given in a sentence.
Tense, aspect, and mood
Aspect | Mood | Case | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | ||
Perfective | No mood | -ıc | -ım | |
Subjunctive | -ıca | -a | -ıma | |
Conditional | -ıcen | -en | -ımen | |
Potential | -ıceṭ | -eṭ | -ımeṭ | |
Imperative | -ıcar | -ar | -ımar | |
Interrogative | -ıcıš | -ıš | -ımıš | |
Progressive | No mood | -ev | -ep | |
Subjunctive | -eva | -sa | -epa | |
Conditional | -even | -sen | -epen | |
Potential | -eveṭ | -seṭ | -epeṭ | |
Imperative | -evar | -sar | -epar | |
Interrogative | -evıš | -sıš | -epıš |
Person
Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
First | ga- | va- | |
Second | tu- | vu- | ju- |
Third | sa- | sva- | tá- |
Nouns
Vektranamic has no grammatical gender; three numbers: singular, dual, plural; and six cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, and locative.
The instrumental case denotes usage of a thing.
- I wrote the note with a pen
- I ewjewfnw
The locative case denotes a noun at location or time, in something, and on something.
- She was born at 3 PM.
- she weue
- The cat is in the bag.
- the cajrrewn
- The paper is on the table.
- the pasoewee
Case name | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -va | -ı | |
Accusative | -aj | -vaj | -ıja |
Dative | -al | -val | -ıl |
Genetive | -uk | -vuk | -ık |
Instrumental | -ap | -vap | -ıp |
At locative | -eč | -več | -ıč |
On locative | -er | -ver | -ır |
In locative | -est | -vest | -sıt |
Genitive case is applied to the possessed noun, and the possessing noun comes before the possessed. When a possessed noun has an additionial case other than the genitive, the genitive suffix is added to the end.
Adjectives and adverbs (which are generally identical) occur after the noun or verb they modify and often end with -as.
Vektranamic has the indefinite article haj, but lacks a definite article. The article agrees with its noun by also adopting the case suffixes.
Pronouns
Vektramic has seven personal pronouns. Second and third person have a dual form but first does not. Each person has a plural. They are not gendered. All of the noun cases apply to pronouns; however, instrumental case denotes accompaniment rather than usage and the at locative case denotes near or around.
Person | Number | Case | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genetive | Instrumental | At locative | On locative | In locative | ||
First | Singular | agam | agaj | agal | aguk | agap | ageč | ager | agest |
Plural | vajam | vaja | vajal | vajuk | vajap | vaječ | vajer | vajsıt | |
Second | Singular | tu | tuj | tul | tuk | tujap | tuječ | tujer | tujest |
Dual | vu | vuj | vul | vuk | vujap | vuječ | vujer | vujest | |
Plural | ju | uj | jul | juk | ojap | oječ | ojer | jusıt | |
Third | Singular | sa | saja | sajal | sajuk | sajap | saječ | sajer | sajest |
Dual | sva | svaja | svayal | svajuk | svajap | svaječ | svajer | svajest | |
Plural | tás | tája | tájal | tájuk | tájap | tvječ | tájer | tájsıt |
Vektranamic uses ava- to denote reflexivity in pronouns (e.g. avatája is themselves).
Vektranamic has three classes of demonstratives (proximal, medial, and distal) which also denote number (singular, dual, or plural).
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Proximal | ajam | avam | ıjam |
Medial | esa | vesa | ısa |
Distal | tad | tav | tadı |