Vaktrian language
Vektranamic | |
---|---|
vektranā́mi | |
Region | Terranihil |
Era | 16th century BC - 2nd century AD (and until present in liturgy) |
Revival | 8th century AD |
Vektranamic alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Part of a series on |
Ecro-Avansertian languages |
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Vektranamic (Vektranamic:Ⲫⲉⲕⲧⲣⲁⲛⲁ̄ⲙⲓ, Vektranā́mi) is a classical language of Terranihil belonging to the Terranilian-Azumanakan branch of the Ecro-Avansertian language family. It arose in south eastern Terranihil in the mid 2nd millenium BC from its predecessor, Proto-Terranilic, as the first recorded Terranilic language. It used the Vektranamic alphabet, derived from Greek. It was the language of the ancient Vektranamic Empire that existed from 1500-600 BC. It is the sacred language of X religion, the language of classical X philosophy, and of the X church.
Contents
Etymology
History
Origin
Classical Vektranamic
1600-1000 BC
Middle Vektranamic
1000-400 BC
Late Vektranamic
400 BC-200 AD
Geographic distribution
Phonology
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dental | alveolar | post-alveolar | ||||||
Plosive | voiceless | /p/ p p | /t/ t t | /k/ k k | /ʔ/ ' ' | |||
aspirated | /pʰ/ pʰ | /tʰ/ tʰ | /kʰ/ kʰ | |||||
voiced | /b/ b b | /d/ d d | /g/ g g | |||||
Fricative | /f/ f f | /θ/ tᵃ ṭ | /s/ s s | /ʃ/ ś š | /x/ kᵃ c | /h/ h h | ||
voiced | /v/ v v | /ð/ dᵃ ḍ | /z/ z z | /ʒ/ ź ž | /ɣ/ gᵃ ǧ | |||
Nasal | /m/ m m | /n/ n n | ||||||
Liquid | /r/ r r, /l/ l l | |||||||
Semivowel | /j/ y j | /w/ w w |
Vektranamic has one digraph: /tʃ/ č.
High | /i/ ı ï | /u/ u ü |
---|---|---|
Mid | /e/ e ë | |
Low | /a/ a ä |
Morphology
Vektranamic is an agglutanative language which utilizes both prefixes and suffixes to denote verb person, tense, mood, and aspect and noun case. The word order is subject-object-verb.
Verbs
Vektranamic has three tenses: past, present, and future; two aspects: perfective and progressive; five moods: interrogative, imperative, conditional, potential, and subjunctive; and eight persons corresponding to the eight pronouns. Grammatical person and negation is expressed by verb prefixes, while tense, aspect, and mood are expressed by suffixes. Negation is denoted with a ne- prefix.
Negation comes before person in the prefix. The order for suffixes is tense and aspect then mood. Word structure:
- negative + person + verb + tense/aspect + mood
Example:
- netuhatimeṭ (you might not have been eating)
This allows Vektranamic to express whole sentences in single words.
Person is generally only denoted with a suffix if a subject is not given in a sentence.
Tense, aspect, and mood
Aspect | Mood | Case | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | ||
Perfective | No mood | -ic | -im | |
Subjunctive | -ica | -a | -ima | |
Conditional | -icen | -en | -imen | |
Potential | -iceṭ | -eṭ | -imeṭ | |
Imperative | -icar | -ar | -imar | |
Interrogative | -iciš | -iš | -imiš | |
Progressive | No mood | -ev | -ep | |
Subjunctive | -eva | -sa | -epa | |
Conditional | -even | -sen | -epen | |
Potential | -eveṭ | -seṭ | -epeṭ | |
Imperative | -evar | -sar | -epar | |
Interrogative | -eviš | -siš | -epiš |
Person
Person | Prefix |
---|---|
First (s) | ga- |
First (p) | va- |
Second (s) | tu- |
Second (d) | vu- |
Second (p) | ju- |
Third (s) | sa- |
Third (d) | sva- |
Second (p) | tä- |
Nouns
Vektranamic has no grammatical gender; three numbers: singular, dual, plural; and six cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, and locative.
The instrumental case denotes usage of a thing.
- I wrote the note with a pen
- I ewjewfnw
The locative case denotes a noun at location or time, in something, and on something.
- She was born at 3 PM.
- she weue
- The cat is in the bag.
- the cajrrewn
- The paper is on the table.
- the pasoewee
Case name | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -va | -i | |
Accusative | -aj | -vaj | -ija |
Dative | -al | -val | -il |
Genetive | -uk | -vuk | -ik |
Instrumental | -ap | -vap | -ip |
At locative | -eč | -več | -ič |
On locative | -er | -ver | -ir |
In locative | -est | -vest | -sit |
Vektranamic has the indefinite article hajkas, but lacks a definite article.
Pronouns
Vektramic has seven personal pronouns. Second and third person have a dual form but first does not. Each person has a plural. They are not gendered. All of the noun cases apply to pronouns; however, instrumental case denotes accompaniment rather than usage and the at locative case denotes near or around.
Person | Number | Case | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genetive | Instrumental | At locative | On locative | In locative | ||
First | Singular | agam | agaj | agal | aguk | agap | ageč | ager | agest |
Plural | vajam | vaja | vajal | vajuk | vajap | vaječ | vajer | vajsit | |
Second | Singular | tu | tuj | tul | tuk | tujap | tuječ | tujer | tujest |
Dual | vu | vuj | vul | vuk | vujap | vuječ | vujer | vujest | |
Plural | ju | uj | jul | juk | ojap | oječ | ojer | jusit | |
Third | Singular | sa | saja | sajal | sajuk | sajap | saječ | sajer | sajest |
Dual | sva | svaja | svayal | svajuk | svajap | svaječ | svajer | svajest | |
Plural | täs | täja | täjal | täjuk | täjap | täječ | täjer | täjsit |
Vektranamic has three classes of demonstratives (proximal, medial, and distal) which also denote number (singular, dual, or plural).
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Proximal | ajam | avam | ijam |
Medial | esa | vesa | isa |
Distal | tad | tav | tadi |