Vaktrian language

Vektranamic
6th century BC inscription
Region	Terranihil
Era	16th century BC - 2nd century AD (and until present in liturgy)
Revival	8th century AD
Language family	Indo-European Ecro-Avansertian Terranilic-Azumanakan Terranilic Vektranamic
Writing system	Vektranamic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Vektranamic (Vektranamic:Ⲫⲉⲕⲧⲣⲁⲛⲁ̄ⲙⲓ, Vektranámi) is a classical language of Terranihil belonging to the Terranilian-Azumanakan branch of the Ecro-Avansertian language family. It arose in south eastern Terranihil in the mid 2nd millenium BC from its predecessor, Proto-Terranilic, as the first recorded Terranilic language. It used the Vektranamic alphabet, derived from Greek. It was the language of the ancient Vektranamic Empire that existed from 1500-600 BC. It is the sacred language of X religion, the language of classical X philosophy, and of the X church.

History

Classical Vektranamic

1600-1000 BC

Middle Vektranamic

1000-400 BC

Late Vektranamic

400 BC-200 AD

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal			Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			dental	alveolar	post-alveolar
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ p p	/t/ t t				/k/ k k	/ʔ/ ' '
	voiced	/b/ b b			/d/ d d		/g/ g g
	Fricative	voiceless	/f/ f f	/θ/ tᵃ ṭ	/s/ s s	/ʃ/ ś š		/x/ kᵃ c	/h/ h h
voiced		/v/ v v	/ð/ dᵃ ḍ	/z/ z z	/ʒ/ ź ž		/ɣ/ gᵃ ǧ
Nasal		/m/ m m			/n/ n n
Liquid					/r/ r r, /l/ l l
Semivowel						/j/ y j	/w/ w w

Vektranamic has one digraph: /tʃ/ č.

Vowels

High	/i/ ı ï	/u/ u á
Mid	/e/ e á
Low	/a/ a á

Morphology

Vektranamic is an agglutanative language which utilizes both prefixes and suffixes to denote verb person, tense, mood, and aspect and noun case. The word order is subject-object-verb.

Verbs

Vektranamic has three tenses: past, present, and future; two aspects: perfective and progressive; five moods: interrogative, imperative, conditional, potential, and subjunctive; and eight persons corresponding to the eight pronouns. Grammatical person and negation is expressed by verb prefixes, while tense, aspect, and mood are expressed by suffixes. Negation is denoted with a ne- prefix.

Negation comes before person in the prefix. The order for suffixes is tense and aspect then mood. Word structure:

negative + person + verb + tense/aspect + mood

Example:

netuhatimeṭ (you might not have been eating)

This allows Vektranamic to express whole sentences in single words.

Person is generally only denoted with a suffix if a subject is not given in a sentence.

Tense, aspect, and mood

Aspect	Mood	Case
		Past	Present	Future
Perfective	No mood	-ic		-im
	Subjunctive	-ica	-a	-ima
	Conditional	-icen	-en	-imen
	Potential	-iceṭ	-eṭ	-imeṭ
	Imperative	-icar	-ar	-imar
	Interrogative	-iciš	-iš	-imiš
Progressive	No mood	-ev		-ep
	Subjunctive	-eva	-sa	-epa
	Conditional	-even	-sen	-epen
	Potential	-eveṭ	-seṭ	-epeṭ
	Imperative	-evar	-sar	-epar
	Interrogative	-eviš	-siš	-epiš

Person

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	ga-		va-
Second	tu-	vu-	ju-
Third	sa-	sva-	tá-

Nouns

Vektranamic has no grammatical gender; three numbers: singular, dual, plural; and six cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, and locative.

The instrumental case denotes usage of a thing.

I wrote the note with a pen

I ewjewfnw

The locative case denotes a noun at location or time, in something, and on something.

She was born at 3 PM.

she weue

The cat is in the bag.

the cajrrewn

The paper is on the table.

the pasoewee

Case name	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative		-va	-i
Accusative	-aj	-vaj	-ija
Dative	-al	-val	-il
Genetive	-uk	-vuk	-ik
Instrumental	-ap	-vap	-ip
At locative	-eč	-več	-ič
On locative	-er	-ver	-ir
In locative	-est	-vest	-sit

Genitive case is applied to the possessed noun, and the possessing noun comes before the possessed. When a possessed noun has an additionial case other than the genitive, the genitive suffix is added to the end.

Adjectives and adverbs (which are generally identical) occur after the noun or verb they modify.

Vektranamic has the indefinite article haj, but lacks a definite article. The article agrees with its noun by also adopting the case suffixes.

Pronouns

Vektramic has seven personal pronouns. Second and third person have a dual form but first does not. Each person has a plural. They are not gendered. All of the noun cases apply to pronouns; however, instrumental case denotes accompaniment rather than usage and the at locative case denotes near or around.

Vektranamic personal pronouns

Person	Number	Case
		Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genetive	Instrumental	At locative	On locative	In locative
First	Singular	agam	agaj	agal	aguk	agap	ageč	ager	agest
	Plural	vajam	vaja	vajal	vajuk	vajap	vaječ	vajer	vajsit
Second	Singular	tu	tuj	tul	tuk	tujap	tuječ	tujer	tujest
	Dual	vu	vuj	vul	vuk	vujap	vuječ	vujer	vujest
	Plural	ju	uj	jul	juk	ojap	oječ	ojer	jusit
Third	Singular	sa	saja	sajal	sajuk	sajap	saječ	sajer	sajest
	Dual	sva	svaja	svayal	svajuk	svajap	svaječ	svajer	svajest
	Plural	tás	tája	tájal	tájuk	tájap	tvječ	tájer	tájsit

Vektranamic uses ava- to denote reflexivity in pronouns (e.g. avatája is themselves).

Vektranamic has three classes of demonstratives (proximal, medial, and distal) which also denote number (singular, dual, or plural).

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Proximal	ajam	avam	ijam
Medial	esa	vesa	isa
Distal	tad	tav	tadi