Difference between revisions of "Vaktrian language"

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| rowspan="6" |''Perfective''||''No mood''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''-ic'''|| style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" |'''-im'''  
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| rowspan="6" |''Perfective''||''No mood''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''-'''|| style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" |'''-im'''  
 
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|''Subjunctive''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''-iča'''|| style="text-align: center;" | '''-a'''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''-ima'''  
 
|''Subjunctive''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''-iča'''|| style="text-align: center;" | '''-a'''|| style="text-align: center;" |'''-ima'''  

Revision as of 00:51, 2 September 2021

Vektranamic
Ⲯⲉⲕⲧⲣⲁⲛⲁ̄ⲙⲁⲋ
vektranāmas
Coptic liturgic inscription.JPG
6th century BC inscription
RegionTerranihil
Era16th century BC - 2nd century AD (and until present in liturgy)
Revival8th century AD
Vektranamic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Vektranamic (Vektranamic:Ⲯⲉⲕⲧⲣⲁⲛⲁ̄ⲙ̄ⲙⲓ, Vektranámi) is a classical language of Terranihil belonging to the Terranilian-Azumanakan branch of the Ecro-Avansertian language family. It arose in south eastern Terranihil in the mid 2nd millenium BC from its predecessor, Proto-Terranilic, as the first recorded Terranilic language. It used the Vektranamic alphabet, derived from Greek. It was the language of the ancient Vektranamic Empire that existed from 1500-600 BC. It is the sacred language of X religion, the language of classical X philosophy, and of the X church.

Etymology

Vektranāmas (Ⲯⲉⲕⲧⲣⲁⲛⲁ̄ⲙⲁⲋ) is the endonym from which "Vektranamic" is derived. Vektranāmas likely comes from the words vaktram (ⲯⲁⲕⲧⲣⲁⲙ), meaning "mouth", and anaıam (ⲁⲛⲁⲓⲁⲙ), meaning "goat". Together the word means "goat mouth".

History

Origin

Classical Vektranamic

1600-1000 BC

Middle Vektranamic

1000-400 BC

Late Vektranamic

400 BC-200 AD

Geographic distribution

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
dental alveolar post-alveolar
Plosive voiceless /p/ p ⲡ /t/ t ⲧ /k/ k ⲕ /ʔ/ ' o
voiced /b/ b ⲃ /d/ d ⲇ /g/ g ⲅ
Fricative

voiceless

/f/ f ⲫ /θ/ ṭ ⲑ /s/ s ⲋ /ʃ/ š ϣ /x/ c ⲥ /h/ h ⲏ
voiced /v/ v ⲯ /ð/ ḍ ϯ /z/ z ⲍ /ʒ/ ž ϫ
Nasal /m/ m m /n/ n ⲛ
Liquid /r/ r ⲣ, /l/ l ⲗ
Semivowel /j/ ı ⲓ /w/ u ⳙ

Vektranamic has one digraph: /tʃ/ č.

Vowels
Short Long
High /i/ i ⳅ /u/ u ⳙ /iː/ ī ⳅ /uː/ ū ⳙ̄
Mid /e/ e ⲉ̄ /eː/ ē ⲉ̄
Low /a/ a ⲁ /aː/ ā ⲁ̄

Morphology

Vektranamic is an agglutanative language which utilizes both prefixes and suffixes to denote verb person, tense, mood, and aspect and noun case. The word order is subject-object-verb.

Verbs

Vektranamic has three tenses: past, present, and future; two aspects: perfective and progressive; five moods: interrogative, imperative, conditional, potential, and subjunctive; and eight persons corresponding to the eight pronouns. Grammatical person and negation is expressed by verb prefixes, while tense, aspect, and mood are expressed by suffixes. Negation is denoted with a ne- prefix. Vektranamic verbs tend to have end with -at, -et, or -aı.

Negation comes before person in the prefix. The order for suffixes is tense and aspect then mood. Word structure:

negative + person + verb + tense/aspect + mood

Example:

netuhatimeṭ (you might not have been eating)

This allows Vektranamic to express whole sentences in single words.

Person is generally only denoted with a suffix if a subject is not given in a sentence.

Tense, aspect, and mood

Aspect Mood Case
Past Present Future
Perfective No mood -ič -im
Subjunctive -iča -a -ima
Conditional -ičen -en -imen
Potential -ičev -ev -imev
Imperative -ičar -ar -imar
Interrogative -ičiš -iš -imıš
Progressive No mood -ev -ep
Subjunctive -eva -sa -epa
Conditional -even -sen -epen
Potential -evev -sev -epev
Imperative -evar -sar -epar
Interrogative -eviš -ṭiš -epiš

Person

Person Singular Dual Plural
First ga- va-
Second tu- vu- ıu-
Third sa- sva- tā-

To be

The verb to be is usually implied in Vektranamic, though in certain cases, the verb at is used.

Mood Case
Past Present Future
No mood ate at atan
Subjunctive atıa -aıt ıate
Conditional nani nan ana
Potential ıat ade adan
Imperative riad rat ıataı
Interrogative ataš aža ažit

Attributive verbs

Vektranamic allows a verb to modify a noun as an adjective with the suffix -čes.

as

Vektranamic has no grammatical gender; three numbers: singular, dual, plural; and six cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, and locative.

The instrumental case denotes usage of a thing.

I wrote the note with a pen
I ewjewfnw

The locative case denotes a noun at location or time, in something, and on something.

She was born at 3 PM.
she weue
The cat is in the bag.
the cajrrewn
The paper is on the table.
the pasoewee
Case name Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -va -is
Accusative -aı -vaı -sıa
Dative -al -val -ṭil
Genetive -uk -vuk -ṭik
Instrumental -ap -vap -ṭip
At locative -eč -več -ṭiš
On locative -er -ver -ṭir
In locative -est -vest -ṭit

Genitive case is applied to the possessor noun, and the possessed noun comes before the possessed. When a possessed noun has an additionial case other than the genitive, the genitive suffix is added to the end.

Adjectives and adverbs (which are generally identical) occur after the noun or verb they modify and often end with -as. Nouns are often modified to adjectives with the -as suffix.

Vektranamic has the indefinite article haı, but lacks a definite article. The article agrees with its noun by also adopting the case suffixes.

Pronouns

Vektramic has seven personal pronouns. Second and third person have a dual form but first does not. Each person has a plural. They are not gendered. All of the noun cases apply to pronouns; however, instrumental case denotes accompaniment rather than usage and the at locative case denotes near or around.

Vektranamic personal pronouns
Person Number Case
Nominative Accusative Dative Genetive Instrumental At locative On locative In locative
First Singular agam agaı agal aguk agap ageč ager agest
Plural vaıam vaıa vaıal vaıuk vaıap vaıeč vaıer vaısit
Second Singular tu tuı tul tuk tuıap tuıeč tuıer tuıest
Dual vu vuı vul vuk vuıap vuıeč vuıer vuıest
Plural ıu ıul ıuk oıap oıeč oıer ıusit
Third Singular sa saıa saıal saıuk saıap saıeč saıer saıest
Dual sva svaıa svaıal svaıuk svaıap svaıeč svaıer svaıest
Plural tās tāıa tāıal tāıuk tāıap tvāıeč tāıer tāısit

Vektranamic uses ava- to denote reflexivity in pronouns (e.g. avatáıa is themselves).

Vektranamic has three classes of demonstratives (proximal, medial, and distal) which also denote number (singular, dual, or plural).

Singular Dual Plural
Proximal aıam avam iıam
Medial esa vesa isa
Distal ted tav teda

Writing system

Modern era