Proto-Terranilic language

Proto-Terranilic
Region	Terranihil
Era	2nd millenium BC
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Shazaqanic language Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan
Lower-order reconstructions	Terranilian Póniepan
Writing system	Ancient Terranilian

Part of a series on
Shazaqanic languages
Languages List of Shazaqanic languages Historical Anglic Aversentian Ayreoshubic Azumanakan-Shazaqanic Terranilian Extinct Reconstructed Proto-Shazaqanic Proto-Ayreoshubic-Creeperian Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan Proto-Ayreoshubic Proto-Aversetian-Creeperian Proto-Azumanakan-Shazaqanic Proto-Terranilic
Philology Bible
Origins Proto-Shazaqanites Society Religion Mainstream Shazaqanic migrations Alternative and fringe
Peoples and societies Anglics Groffenords Lyoans Malgans Morovans Aversentians Eminopleans Gandorians Xussmans Ayreoshubes Andaluzians Creeperans Quebecshirites Rakeoians Willdavisians Ziqarites Azumanakans & Shazaqanites Azumanakans Shazaqanites Terranilians Póniepans Terranilians
Religion and mythology Reconstructed Proto-Shazaqanic religion Ancient Terranilian religion Historical Ayreoshubic paganism

Proto-Terranilic, or proto-Terranilian, often abbreviated as PTN, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Terranilian languages branch of the Shazaqanic language family and thus the ancestor of the Terranilic languages such as Terranilian and Póniepan. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Terranilic people, are assumed to have lived in the 2nd millennium BC.

Proto-Terranilic was a satem language descended from the Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan language (PTA), which in turn, came from the Proto-Shazaqanic language(PSQ). It was likely removed a millennium from the Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan language, and less than two millennia from Proto-Shazaqanic.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar	Laryngeal
			dental/alveolar	post-alveolar
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ p	/t/ t			/k/ k
	voiced	/b/ b	/d/ d			/g/ g
	aspirated	/bʰ/ bʰ	/dʰ/ dʰ			/gʰ/ gʰ
Affricate	voiceless				(/c͡ç/) ç
	voiced				(ɟ͡ʝ) j
Fricative	voiceless		/s/ s	/ʃ/ š			/ʕ/ H
	voiced		/z/ z	/ʒ/ ž
Nasal		/m/ m	/n/ n
Liquid				/r/ r
Semivowel					/j/ y	/w/ w

Vowels

High	*i *ī	*u *ū
Low	*a *ā

Phonological evolution from PTA

The most distinctive phonological change separating Proto-Shazaqanic from Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan is the collapse of the ablauting vowels e, o, a into a single vowel, Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan a.

The list below shows hypothesized phonological changes from Proto-Shazaqanic to Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan to Proto-Terranilic.

• The Satem shift, consisting of two sets of related changes. The PSQ palatals ḱ ǵ ǵʰ are fronted or affricated, eventually resulting in PTA ć ȷ́ ȷ́ʰ, while the PSQ labiovelars kʷ gʷ gʷʰ merge with the velars k g gʰ.
• ć ȷ́ ȷ́ʰ and the second palatal set (shown further below) merge into c j jʰ from PTA to PTN. k and c are aspirated to kʰ and cʰ at the beginning of words if followed by a vowel.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ḱm̥tóm	*ćatám	cʰetam	śatám	satəm	centum	'hundred'
ǵónu	*ȷ́ā́nu	jānu	jā́nu	zānu	genū	'knee'
ǵʰimós	*ȷ́ʰimás	jʰimas	himá	ziiā̊	hiems	'winter' / 'snow'
kʷós	*kás	kʰas	kás	ka	quis	'who?, what?'
gʷṓws	*gā́wš	gāwš	gaus	gao	bōs	'cow'
gʷʰormós	*gʰarmás	gʰarmas	gharmás	garəma	formus	'warmth, heat'

• The ISQ liquids l r l̥ r̥ merge as r r̥ in PTA.
• r̥ merges with r in PTN.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ḱléwos	*ćráwas	crawas	śrávas	srauua	clueō	'fame, honour, word'
wĺ̥kʷos	*wŕ̥kas	wrkas	vŕ̥kas	vəhrka	lupus	'wolf'

• The PSQ syllabic nasals m̥ n̥ merge with *a.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
déḱm̥	*dáĉm̥	*dáća	deca	dáśa	dasā	decem	'ten'
gʷm̥tós	*gm̥tás	*gatás	getas	gatá	gata	ventus	'come, gone'
n̥bʰrós	*n̥bʰrás	*abʰrás	abras	abhrá	aβra	imber	'rain, cloud'

• From PSQ to PTA, an aspirate immediately followed by a voiceless consonant becomes voiced stop + voiced aspirate. In addition, dʰ + t > dᶻdʰ.
• From PTA to PTN, voiced aspirates preceded by voiced stops become unvoiced.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	English
ubʰtós	*ubdʰás	ubtʰas	sámubdha	ubdaēna	'woven' / 'made of woven material'
wr̥dʰtós	*wr̥dᶻdʰás	wrdtʰa	vərəzda	'grown, mature'
dʰéwgʰti	*dáwgdʰi	dawgtʰi	dógdhi	*daogdi	'to milk'

• From PSQ to PTA, s is retracted to š when immediately following a liquid (r r̥ l l̥), a high vowel (i u), a PTA velar (ḱ ǵ ǵʰ k g gʰ kʷ gʷ gʷʰ) or the syllabic laryngeal H̥.
• From PTA to PTN, š is voiced when between two vowels.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
wisós	*wišás	wižas	víṣas	viša	vīrus	'poison, venom'
ḱeHs-	*ćH̥šam	cešam	aśiṣam	sīšā		'teach!'
ǵéwseti	*ȷ́áwšati	jawšati	jóṣati	zaošō	gustus	'to like, taste'
kʷsép-	*kšáp-	kšap-	kṣáp-	xšap-		'darkness'
plúsis	*plúšiš	plužiš	plúṣi	*fruši	pūlex	'flea, noxious insect'
nisdós	*niždás	niždas	nīḷá/nīḍá	*nižda	nīdus	'nest'

• From PSQ to PTA, before a dental occlusive, ĉ becomes š and ĵ becomes ž. ĵʰ also becomes ž, with aspiration of the occlusive.
• From PTA to PTN, žd becomes dž.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
h₁oḱtṓ	*Haĉtā́	*Haštā́	haštā	aṣṭá	ašta	octō	'eight'
dr̥ḱtós	*dr̥ĉtás	*dr̥štás	drštas	dr̥ṣṭá	dərəšta		'seen, visible, apparent'
mr̥ǵt-	*mr̥ĵd-	*mr̥žd-	mrdž-	mr̥ḷ-/mr̥ḍ-	mərəžd-		'to forgive, pardon'
uǵʰtós	*uĵdʰás	*uždʰás	udžas	ūḍhá	*užda	vector	'carried'

• From PSQ to PTA, the sequence ĉš was simplified to šš.
• From PTA to PTN, šš is simplified to š.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
h₂éḱs-	*Háĉšas	*Háššas	hašas	ákṣa	aša	axis	'axle, shoulder'

• From PSQ to PTA, the "second palatalization": k g gʰ develop palatal allophones č ǰ ǰʰ before the front vowels i, e through an intermediate kʲ gʲ gʲʰ.
• č ǰ ǰʰ merge into c j jʰ.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
-kʷe	*-kʲa	*-ča	-ca	-ca	-ča	-que	'and'
gʷih₃wós	*gʲiHwás	*ǰiHwás	ji'was	jīvás	juuō	vīvus	'alive, living'
gʷʰénti	*gʲʰánti	*ǰʰánti	jʰanti	hánti	jaiṇti	-fendit	'slays'

• o in an open syllable lengthens to ō in PTA.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
deh₃tórm̥	*daHtā́rm̥	*daHtā́ram	da'tāram	dātā́ram	dātārəm	datōrem	'giver' (accusative singular)

• The vowels e o merge with a. Similarly, ē ō merge with ā in PSQ.
• ā and a between two plosives becomes ē and e.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
dédeh₃ti	*dádaHti	deda'ti	dádāti	dadāiti	dat	'to give'
h₃dónts	*Hdánts	dants	dant	dantan	dēns	'tooth'
bʰréh₂tēr	*bʰráHtā	gra'tā	bhrā́tr̥	brātar	frāter	'brother'
wṓkʷs	*wā́kš	wākš	vā́k	vāxš	vōx	'voice'

• In certain positions, laryngeals were vocalized to i in PSQ.

• Following a consonant, and preceding a consonant cluster:

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ph₂tréy	*pitráy	pitray	pitré	piθrē	patrī	'father' (dative singular)

• Following a consonant and word-final:

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	English
-medʰh₂	*-madʰHi	-madi	-mahi	-maidī/-maiδi	(1st person plural middle ending)

• The PSQ laryngeals all merged into one phoneme H, which may have been a glottal stop.
• The PTA laryngeal H became e between two consonants, h at the beginning of a syllable if followed by a vowel, and otherwise became a glottal stop: '.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ph₂tḗr	*pHtā́	petā	pitā́	ptā	pater	'father'

• From PSQ to PTA, H disappeared when followed by a voiced nonaspirated stop and another consonant.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	English
bʰéh₂geti	*bʰáǰati	bʰajati	bhájati	bažat̰	'to divide, distribute'

• In PTN all consonants followed by another consonant lost aspiration.