Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan language

Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan
Region	Terranihil and northern Greater Sacramento
Era	c. 3rd millenium BC
Reconstructed ancestor	Proto-Shazaqanic language
Lower-order reconstructions	Proto-Terranilian Proto-Azumanakan-Shazaqanic

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Shazaqanic languages
Languages List of Shazaqanic languages Historical Anglic Aversentian Ayreoshubic Azumanakan-Shazaqanic Terranilian Extinct Reconstructed Proto-Shazaqanic Proto-Ayreoshubic-Creeperian Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan Proto-Ayreoshubic Proto-Aversetian-Creeperian Proto-Azumanakan-Shazaqanic Proto-Terranilic
Philology Bible
Origins Proto-Shazaqanites Society Religion Mainstream Shazaqanic migrations Alternative and fringe
Peoples and societies Anglics Groffenords Lyoans Malgans Morovans Aversentians Eminopleans Gandorians Xussmans Ayreoshubes Andaluzians Creeperans Quebecshirites Rakeoians Willdavisians Ziqarites Azumanakans & Shazaqanites Azumanakans Shazaqanites Terranilians Póniepans Terranilians
Religion and mythology Reconstructed Proto-Shazaqanic religion Ancient Terranilian religion Historical Ayreoshubic paganism

Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan is the reconstructed proto-language of the Terranilian-Azumanakan branch of Shazaqanic. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakans, are assumed to have lived in the late 4th millennium BCE.

Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan was a satem language, likely removed less than a millennium from its ancestor, the Proto-Shazaqanic language. It is the ancestor of the Terranilian languages and the Azumanakan-Shazaqanic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal		Palatal		Velar	Laryngeal
			dental/alveolar	post-alveolar	first	second
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ p	/t/ t		/c/ ć	/c/ č	/k/ k
	voiced	/b/ b	/d/ d		/ɟ/ ȷ́	/ɟ/ ǰ	/g/ g
	aspirated	/bʰ/ bʰ	/dʰ/ dʰ		/ɟʰ/ ȷ́ʰ	/ɟʰ/ ǰʰ	/gʰ/ gʰ
Fricative	voiceless		/s/ s	/ʃ/ ś				/ʕ/ H
	voiced		/z/ z	/ʒ/ ź
Nasal		/m/ m	/n/ n
Liquid			/l/ l	/r/ r, /r̥/ r̥
Semivowel						/j/ y	/w/ w

Vowels

High	i ī	u ū
Low	a ā

Evolution from Proto-Shazaqanic

The most distinctive phonological change separating Proto-Shazaqanic from Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan is the collapse of the ablauting vowels e, o, a into a single vowel, Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan a.

The list below shows hypothesized phonological changes from Proto-Shazaqanic to Proto-Terranilian-Azumanakan to Proto-Terranilic.

• The Satem shift, consisting of two sets of related changes. The PSQ palatals ḱ ǵ ǵʰ are fronted or affricated, eventually resulting in PTA ć ȷ́ ȷ́ʰ, while the PSQ labiovelars kʷ gʷ gʷʰ merge with the velars k g gʰ.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ḱm̥tóm	ćatám	cʰetám	śatám	satəm	centum	'hundred'
ǵónu	ȷ́ā́nu	jā́nu	jā́nu	zānu	genū	'knee'
ǵʰimós	ȷ́ʰimás	jᵃimás	himá	ziiā̊	hiems	'winter' / 'snow'
kʷós	kás	kʰás	kás	ka	quis	'who?, what?'
gʷṓws	gā́wš	gā́wš	gaus	gao	bōs	'cow'
gʷʰormós	gʰarmás	gᵃarmás	gharmás	garəma	formus	'warmth, heat'

• The liquids l r l̥ r̥ merge as r r̥.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ḱléwos	ćráwas	cráwas	śrávas	srauua	clueō	'fame, honour, word'
wĺ̥kʷos	wŕ̥kas	vrkas	vŕ̥kas	vəhrka	lupus	'wolf'

• The syllabic nasals m̥ n̥ merge with *a.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
déḱm̥	dáĉm̥	dáća	déca	dáśa	dasā	decem	'ten'
gʷm̥tós	gm̥tás	gatás	getás	gatá	gata	ventus	'come, gone'
n̥bʰrós	n̥bʰrás	abʰrás	abrás	abhrá	aβra	imber	'rain, cloud'

• An aspirate immediately followed by a voiceless consonant becomes voiced stop + voiced aspirate. In addition, dʰ + t > dᶻdʰ.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	English
ubʰtós	ubdʰás	ubtʰás	sámubdha	ubdaēna	'woven' / 'made of woven material'
wr̥dʰtós	wr̥dᶻdʰás	vrdtʰás	vərəzda	'grown, mature'
dʰéwgʰti	dáwgdʰi	dáwgtʰi	dógdhi	*daogdi	'to milk'

• s is retracted to š when immediately following a liquid (r r̥ l l̥), a high vowel (i u), a PTA velar (ḱ ǵ ǵʰ k g gʰ kʷ gʷ gʷʰ) or the syllabic laryngeal H̥.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
wisós	wišás	vižás	víṣas	viša	vīrus	'poison, venom'
ḱeHs-	ćH̥šam	cešam	aśiṣam	sīšā		'teach!'
ǵéwseti	ȷ́áwšati	jáwšati	jóṣati	zaošō	gustus	'to like, taste'
kʷsép-	kšáp-	kšáp-	kṣáp-	xšap-		'darkness'
plúsis	plúšiš	plážiš	plúṣi	*fruši	pūlex	'flea, noxious insect'
nisdós	niždás	niždás	nīḷá/nīḍá	*nižda	nīdus	'nest'

• Before a dental occlusive, ĉ becomes š and ĵ becomes ž. ĵʰ also becomes ž, with aspiration of the occlusive.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
h₁oḱtṓ	Haĉtā́	Haštā́	haštā́	aṣṭá	ašta	octō	'eight'
dr̥ḱtós	dr̥ĉtás	dr̥štás	drštás	dr̥ṣṭá	dərəšta		'seen, visible, apparent'
mr̥ǵt-	mr̥ĵd-	mr̥žd-	mrdž-	mr̥ḷ-/mr̥ḍ-	mərəžd-		'to forgive, pardon'
uǵʰtós	uĵdʰás	uždʰás	udžás	ūḍhá	*užda	vector	'carried'

• From PSQ to PTA, the sequence ĉš was simplified to šš.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
h₂éḱs-	Háĉšas	Háššas	hášas	ákṣa	aša	axis	'axle, shoulder'

• The "second palatalization": k g gʰ develop palatal allophones č ǰ ǰʰ before the front vowels i, e through an intermediate kʲ gʲ gʲʰ.

PSQ	pre-PTA	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
-kʷe	-kʲa	-ča	-ca	-ca	-ča	-que	'and'
gʷih₃wós	gʲiHwás	ǰiHwás	ji'wás	jīvás	juuō	vīvus	'alive, living'
gʷʰénti	gʲʰánti	ǰʰánti	jᵃánt	hánti	jaiṇti	-fendit	'slays'

• The vowels e o merge with a. Similarly, ē ō merge with ā.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
dédeh₃ti	dádaHti	déda't	dádāti	dadāiti	dat	'to give'
h₃dónts	Hdánts	dants	dant	dantan	dēns	'tooth'
bʰréh₂tēr	bʰráHtā	brá'tā	bhrā́tr̥	brātar	frāter	'brother'
wṓkʷs	wā́kš}}	wā́kš	vā́k	vāxš	vōx	'voice'

• In certain positions, laryngeals were vocalized to i.

• Following a consonant, and preceding a consonant cluster:

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ph₂tréy	pitráy	pitráy	pitré	piθrē	patrī	'father' (dative singular)

• Following a consonant and word-final:

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	English
-medʰh₂	-madʰHi	-madʰ	-mahi	-maidī/-maiδi	(1st person plural middle ending)

• The laryngeals all merged into one phoneme H, which may have been a glottal stop.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	Latin	English
ph₂tḗr	pHtā́	petā́	pitā́	ptā	pater	'father'

• H disappeared when followed by a voiced nonaspirated stop and another consonant.

PSQ	PTA	PTN	Sanskrit	Avestan	English
bʰéh₂geti	bʰáǰati	bʰájat	bhájati	bažat̰	'to divide, distribute'