Classical Vaktrian

Classical Vaktrian
Ⲯⲁⲕⲧⲣⲓⲁⲋⲧ Vaktrıast
6th century BC inscription
Region	Terranihil
Era	8th century BCE - 3rd century CE (and until present in liturgy)
Revival	8th century AD
Language family	Vaktrian Proto-Vaktrian Classical Vaktrian
Writing system	Vaktrian alphabet (4th c. BCE - 4th c. CE), Romanyan script
Official status
Official language in	Terranihil
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Classical Vaktrian, also referred to as Ancient Vaktrian, is a language that was commonly spoken from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE among the Vaktrian people. It arose in western Terranihil from its predecessor Proto-Vaktrian. It used the Vaktrian alphabet, derived from Greek. It was the language of the ancient Kingdom of Vaktria that existed from 800 BCE to 30 CE. It is the sacred language of Astrianism and of the X church. It became the classical language of the Vaktrian people following its decline as a commmonly spoken language, used in literature, poetry, and liturgy. The modern dialects of Vaktrian developed from Classical Vaktrian, and Standard Vaktrian is a modernization of it.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal			Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			dental	alveolar	post-alveolar
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ ⲡ, p	/t/ ⲧ, t				/k/ ⲕ, k
	voiced	/b/ ⲃ, b	/d/ ⲇ, d				/g/ ⲅ, g
Fricative	voiceless	/f/ ⲫ, f	/θ/ ⲑ, ŧ	/s/ ⲋ, s	/ʃ/ ϣ, š		/x/ ⲥ, c	/h/ ⲏ, h
	voiced	/v/ ⲯ, v	/ð/ ϯ, đ
Nasal		/m/ ⲙ, m			/n/ ⲛ, n
Liquid					/r/ ⲣ, r ; /l/ ⲗ, l
Semivowel						/j/ ⲓ, ı

Vowels

	Short		Long
High	/i/ ⳅ, i	/u/ ⳙ, u	/iː/	/uː/
Mid
Low	/a/ ⲁ, a		/aː/

Morphology

Classical Vaktrian is an agglutanative language with extensive prefixes and suffixes to denote verb person, tense, mood, and aspect and noun case.

Verbs

Tense, aspect, and mood

Aspect	Mood	Case
		Past	Present	Future
Perfective	No mood	-ir		-im
	Subjunctive	-ira	-a	-ima
	Conditional	-irin	-in	-imin
	Potential	-irads	-ads	-imads
	Imperative	-irak	-ak	-imak
	Interrogative	-iriš	-iš	-imiš
	Instrumental	-irust	-ust	-imust
Progressive	No mood	-ac		-ap
	Subjunctive	-aca	-sa	-apa
	Conditional	-acin	-sin	-apin
	Potential	-akašt	-sašt	-apašt
	Imperative	-acak	-sak	-apak
	Interrogative	-aciš	-diš	-apiš
	Instrumental	-acust	-dust	-apust

Person

Unlike standardized Vaktrian, the person of verbs in Classical Vaktrian is stand alone and not a prefix.

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	ga	ta	ma
Second	ha	di	mri
Third	ša	stu	smu

Nouns

The locative cases are seperate and not suffixes as in Standard Vaktrian.

Case name	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative		-is	-aŧ
Accusative	-aı	-saı	-ŧaı
Dative	-al	-sal	-ŧal
Genetive	-ila	-sala	-ŧila
Instrumental	-uš	-saš	-ŧuš
At locative	and	sand	ŧand
On locative	arm	sarm	ŧarm
In locative	atis	satis	ŧatis

Classical Vaktrian has nine non-gendered pronouns.

Vaktrian personal pronouns

Person	Number	Case
		Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genetive	Instrumental	At locative	On locative	In locative
First	Singular	gama	gamaı	gamal	gamala	gamuš	gamand	gamar	gamatis
	Dual	taıan	tanaı	tanal	tanala	tanuš	tand	taıarm	tanatis
	Plural	maıa	amaı	amal	maıala	amuš	maıand	maıarm	maıatis
Second	Singular	hama	hamaı	hamal	hamala	hamuš	hamand	hamar	hamatis
	Dual	dila	dilaı	dil	dalal	diluš	diland	dilara	dilatis
	Plural	mraıa	maraı	amral	mraıala	maruš	mraıand	mraıarm	mraıatis
Third	Singular	aša	ašaı	ašal	sašala	šuš	šand	ašarm	šašatis
	Dual	stuıam	stumaı	stumal	stumala	stumuš	stumand	stumara	stumatis
	Plural	smaŧa	smaŧaı	smaŧal	smaŧala	smaŧuš	smaŧand	smaŧarm	smaŧatis

Vaktrian has three classes of demonstratives (proximal, medial, and distal) which also denote number (singular, dual, or plural).

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Proximal	dišaı	siıa	ŧaıa
Medial	šasin	isan	ŧiıan
Distal	dišal	isal	iŧan